Applications of Fuzzy Technology in Business Intelligence

Fuzzy Set Theory has been developed during the last decades to a demanding mathematical theory. There exist more than 50,000 publications in this area by now. Unluckily the number of reports on applications of fuzzy technology has become very scarce. The reasons for that are manifold: Real applications are normally not single-method-applications but rather complex combinations of different techniques, which are not suited for a publication in a journal. Sometimes considerations of competition my play a role, and sometimes the theoretical core of an application is not suited for publication. In this paper we shall focus on applications of fuzzy technology on real problems in business management. Two versions of fuzzy technology will be used: Fuzzy Knowledge based systems and fuzzy clustering. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with basic fuzzy set theory and the goal of the paper is, to show that the potential of applying fuzzy technology in management is still very large and hardly exploited so far

Magnetic switching modes for exchange spring systems ErFe2/YFe2/DyFe2/YFe2 with competing anisotropies

The magnetization reversal processes of ½10nm ErFe2=nYFe2=4nm DyFe2=nYFe2" multilayer films with a (110) growth axis and a variable YFe2 layer thickness n are investigated. The magnetically soft YFe2 compound acts as a separator between the hard rare earth (RE) ErFe2 and DyFe2 compounds, each of them bearing different temperature dependent magnetic anisotropy properties. Magnetic measurements of a system with n ¼ 20nm reveal the existence of three switching modes: an independent switching mode at low temperatures, an ErFe2 spin flop switching mode at medium high temperatures, and an YFe2 dominated switching mode at high temperatures. The measurements are in qualitative agreement with the findings of micromagnetic simulations which are used to illustrate the switching modes. Further simulations for a varied YFe2 layer thickness n ranging from 2 to 40nm are carried out. Quantitative criteria are defined to classify the reversal behavior, and the resultant switching modes are laid out in a map with regard to n and the temperature T. A new coupled switching mode emerges above a threshold temperature for samples with thin YFe2 separation layers as a consequence of the exchange coupling between the magnetically hard ErFe2 and DyFe2 layers. It reflects the increasing competition of the two conflicting anisotropies to dominate the magnetic switching states of both RE compounds under decreasing n

Mağaza sarikleri

Arthur Conan Doyle'un Tercüman-ı Hakikat'te yayımlanan Mağaza Sarikleri adlı romanının ilk ve son tefrikalarıSherlock Holmes’ün Sergüzeştlerinde

Yield Potential of Cropping Systems without Chemical Synthetic Plant Protection Products in NOcsPS field trials in Germany

In endeavors to manage agricultural cropping systems without the application of chemical-synthetic plant protection products (CSPs), one of the greatest challenges is ensuring yield performance. The literature provides a wealth of data on organic farming yields and the gap between organic and conventional systems, but little knowledge on the yield performance of cropping systems that use mineral fertilizers but not CSPs. This paper presents the first results of field trials at two locations in Germany comparing cultivation systems that are free of chemical-synthetic plant protection, but use mineral fertilizers, with both conventional and organic cropping systems. These system trials are part of the joint research project "Agriculture 4.0 without chemical-synthetic plant protection (NOcsPS)". Initial results show that CSP-free cultivation systems generally achieve lower yields than conventional systems, but considerably higher yields than organic systems

Gate-induced decoupling of surface and bulk state properties in selectively-deposited Bi2_2Te3_3 nanoribbons

Three-dimensional topological insulators (TIs) host helical Dirac surface states at the interface with a trivial insulator. In quasi-one-dimensional TI nanoribbon structures the wave function of surface charges extends phase-coherently along the perimeter of the nanoribbon, resulting in a quantization of transverse surface modes. Furthermore, as the inherent spin-momentum locking results in a Berry phase offset of $\pi$ of self-interfering charge carriers an energy gap within the surface state dispersion appears and all states become spin-degenerate. We investigate and compare the magnetic field dependent surface state dispersion in selectively deposited Bi$_2$Te$_3$ TI micro- and nanoribbon structures by analysing the gate voltage dependent magnetoconductance at cryogenic temperatures. While in wide microribbon devices the field effect mainly changes the amount of bulk charges close to the top surface we identify coherent transverse surface states along the perimeter of the nanoribbon devices responding to a change in top gate potential. We quantify the energetic spacing in between these quantized transverse subbands by using an electrostatic model that treats an initial difference in charge carrier densities on the top and bottom surface as well as remaining bulk charges. In the gate voltage dependent transconductance we find oscillations that change their relative phase by $\pi$ at half-integer values of the magnetic flux quantum applied coaxial to the nanoribbon, which is a signature for a magnetic flux dependent topological phase transition in narrow, selectively deposited TI nanoribbon devices.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Invader presence disrupts the stabilizing effect of species richness in plant community recovery after drought

Abstract Higher biodiversity can stabilize the productivity and functioning of grassland communities when subjected to extreme climatic events. The positive biodiversity–stability relationship emerges via increased resistance and/or recovery to these events. However, invader presence might disrupt this diversity–stability relationship by altering biotic interactions. Investigating such disruptions is important given that invasion by non‐native species and extreme climatic events are expected to increase in the future due to anthropogenic pressure. Here we present one of the first multisite invader × biodiversity × drought manipulation experiment to examine combined effects of biodiversity and invasion on drought resistance and recovery at three semi‐natural grassland sites across Europe. The stability of biomass production to an extreme drought manipulation (100% rainfall reduction; BE: 88 days, BG: 85 days, DE: 76 days) was quantified in field mesocosms with a richness gradient of 1, 3, and 6 species and three invasion treatments (no invader, Lupinus polyphyllus, Senecio inaequidens). Our results suggest that biodiversity stabilized community productivity by increasing the ability of native species to recover from extreme drought events. However, invader presence turned the positive and stabilizing effects of diversity on native species recovery into a neutral relationship. This effect was independent of the two invader's own capacity to recover from an extreme drought event. In summary, we found that invader presence may disrupt how native community interactions lead to stability of ecosystems in response to extreme climatic events. Consequently, the interaction of three global change drivers, climate extremes, diversity decline, and invasive species, may exacerbate their effects on ecosystem functioning