Koordinoitu jännitteensäätö hajautettuja energiaresursseja sisältävien jakeluverkkojen reaaliaikasimuloinnissa

Voltage rise effect in distribution networks poses challenges in future when increasing amount of Distributed Energy Resources(DERs) are connected to the network, and currently is the limiting factor of the network's DER hosting capacity. Passive approaches reinforce the network to increase the hosting capacity but alternatively coordinated voltage control schemes are capable of utilizing the DERs widely across the network. Using reactive power capability of distributed generators, production curtailment or substation voltage control in coordination, desired network voltages can be achieved and e.g. losses minimized. However, this requires accurate information on the state of the whole network. Distributing the automation and control decision making across network voltage levels reliefs data transfer burden to control centers where the decision making is typically centralized. This allows better utilization of large scale of resources in optimizing the network operation. With Substation Automation Units(SAUs) the above can be realized in distribution networks. This thesis presents the SAU based architecture, and required algorithms to demonstrate a decentralized automation system and coordinated voltage control in a distribution network. Case study was performed for real LV distribution network in Real-Time Digital Simulator. Main focus was to verify correct operation, and to analyze performance of coordinated voltage control compared to other control schemes under real and artificial network conditions. Under demanding network conditions, coordinated voltage control proved to be superior by avoiding over-voltages and conductor thermal limits. The results validate viability of the automation architecture and effectiveness of the coordinated voltage control scheme. Real network demonstrations are follow-up for this thesis' work

Prescriptions for Information Systems Planning in a Turbulent Environment

Observers have offered prescriptions for IS planning in a turbulent business environment. The action research described here examined actual IS planning practices in two real-world organizations in such an environment. One organization adhered closely to many of the planning prescriptions and the other did not. Their experiences support the view that the analysis of the external environment and a continuous planning process are essential in such an environment. More importantly, they suggest that, in a turbulent environment, comprehensive IS planning (i.e., adherence to many prescriptions) is more effective than less rigorous planning. Such a conclusion may seem counterintuitive. Although the experiences facilitate the development of new prescriptions, they impugn some of the others

R-strategies in circular economy : Textile, battery, and agri-food value chains

This report discusses the circular economy model through circular economy strategies, the R-strategies, in three different value chains: textile, battery, and agri-food. The R-strategies can be classified under three approaches: 1) smarter product use and manufacture (R0 Refuse, R1 Rethink, R2 Reduce), 2) life extension strategies (R3 Reuse, R4 Repair, R5 Refurbish, R6 Remanufacture, R7 Re-purpose), and 3) creative material application (R8 Recycle, R9 Recover). Often, the impact on circularity and overall sustainability is likely higher in the beginning of the material value chain. However, the selection of the most optimal R-strategy is always case specific and should be based on a holistic, system wide approach. The report gives several examples of business models applying different R-strategies in the selected value chains. The examples show the similarities and differences between the value chains and which strategies have more importance in which value chains. In the textile value chain, currently the most important aim is to replace fast fashion with longer product use (R3, R4, R5) and essentially reduce production and consumption volumes (R0, R1, R2). Textile fibres can be circulated (R6, R7, R8) to some extent, but in every round, there is some wearing of the material and the quality of the recycled fibre deteriorates in comparison to virgin fibre. In the battery value-chain, increased recycling of metals (R8) is crucial to meet the future need of batteries in various solutions including electric vehicles and energy storage. Thus, recycling technologies need to be further developed to meet the recycling targets. There is also active research and development activities in the field of substitution (R0) with new battery chemistries and even replacing graphite with renewable lignin-based material. In the agri-food value chain, avoiding food loss and food waste (R0) is clearly a low hanging fruit since even one third of all food is estimated of being wasted. When it comes to circularity in the agri-food value chain, it is best supported by increasing local food production, where transport distances are short and do not create a barrier for efficient utilization of side-streams (R8, R9). The circulation of nutrients in manure is also essential

Suomen kansantalouden materiaalivirrat ja niiden vaikutukset : Toteutunut kehitys ja kiertotalouden skenaariot vuodelle 2035

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli lisätä ymmärrystä kiertotalouden potentiaalista vaikuttaa Suomen luonnonvarojen käyttöön ja niistä aiheutuviin ympäristö- ja talousvaikutuksiin. Viimeaikaisen kehityksen lisäksi arvioitiin kolmea luonnonvarojen käytön skenaariota vuodelle 2035. Niihin lisättiin kiertotaloustoimenpiteitä vaiheittain siten, että kunniahimoisin skenaario pyrki saavuttamaan Suomen kiertotalouden strategisen ohjelman luonnonvaratavoitteiden lisäksi myös Suomen hiilineutraalisuustavoitteen. Tulosten perusteella kiertotalouden strategisessa ohjelmassa asetut luonnonvaratavoitteet ovat osin saavutettavissa. Tällöin Suomen raaka-aineiden kokonaiskulutus vuonna 2035 ei ylitä vuoden 2015 tasoa, ja materiaalien kiertotalousaste kaksinkertaistuu vuodesta 2015. Myös hiilineutraalisuus voidaan saavuttaa vuoteen 2035 mennessä työssä hahmoteltujen oletuksien ja lisätoimien toteutuessa. Puhdas energiasiirtymä vähentää Suomen päästöjä ja luonnonvarojen käyttöä merkittävästi jo nykyisten päätösten toteutuessa perusskenaariossa. Kiertotaloustoimenpiteet edistävät edelleen päästöjen laskua ja vahvistavat nieluja. Suomen raaka-aineiden kulutus asukasta kohden säilyy kiertotaloustoimenpiteistä huolimatta globaalisti erittäin korkealla tasolla ja resurssituottavuudessa jäädään kauas EU-maiden keskiarvosta. Kiertotalouden toteutukseen tarvitaan lisää kunnianhimoa ja toimintaa tukevia ohjauskeinoja. Julkaisu on päivitetty 22.3.2024, s. 21, 23, 43, 89

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

Ohjeistus tietomallipohjaista suunnittelua varten

Insinöörityön tarkoitus oli tutkia tietomallipohjaisen suunnittelun käytäntöjä ja ongelmakohtia ja selvittää niiden pohjalta hyviä toimintamalleja onnistuneen suunnitteluprojektin aloittamiseen erityisesti käyttäen MagiCAD- ohjelmistoa. Työ toteutettiin tutkimalla lähdekirjallisuutta sekä osallistumalla käytännön tietomallisuunnitteluprojekteihin. Työssä pohdittiin myös vaihtoehtoisia tapoja tiettyihin vakiintuneisiin toimintatapoihin. Työn tuloksena löydettiin useita mahdollisia ongelmakohtia tietomallipohjaisessa suunnitteluprosessissa ja niihin löydettiin ratkaisuja. Johtopäätöksenä tietomallipohjaisessa suunnittelussa on ongelmakohtia, jotka toistuvat projektista toiseen ja tiedostamalla ne etukäteen ja valmistelemalla projektin aloitus huolellisesti, voidaan suunnitteluprosessi viedä läpi vaivattomammin ja välttää ylimääräisen työn tekemistä. Löydettiin myös vakiintuneita käytäntöjä, joita muuttamalla kustannuksia ja työn määrää olisi mahdollista vähentää