The Relationship between Critical Thinking and Information Literacy among Students of the School of Management and Medical Information Sciences of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Background & Objective: Information literacy is a critical requirement for access to information in the communication age in the community. Through using critical thinking skills, valid and reliable information can be obtained. This research was conducted to determine the relationship of critical thinking with information literacy among student of the School of Management and Medical Information Sciences of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 338 students of the School of Management and Medical Information Sciences of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2014. The valid and reliable California Critical Thinking Skills Test-Form B (CCTST) and the Information Literacy Standard Questionnaire were used for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient test in SPSS software. Results: The critical thinking skills among students were at a low level. A weak relationship was observed between the mean score of critical thinking and information literacy (P = 0.050). In addition, students' information literacy had a positive correlation with inference components (r = 0.12, P = 0.040) and analysis components of critical thinking (r = 16, P = 0.006). Conclusion: Given the low level of critical thinking in students and the relationship between the components of critical thinking and information literacy, the implementation of programs to improve students' critical thinking is recommended. This is necessary due to the dependence of the increase in students' information literacy on critical thinking. Key Words: Critical thinking, Information literacy, Student

Epidemiology and trends in mortality from liver cancer in Iran

Review: Background: Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer is. The true prevalence of infection in cancer remains unknown But the incidence of these cancers in 1.7 of all cases of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the changes of liver cancer mortality in the population during the years 2006 to 2010. Materials and Methods: In this study, the reported data were used for the face of death in the country. After the initial planning of this study, data were collected during cancer-related deaths and entered into a pre-designed form. Results: The results of the calculation of mortality rates per hundred thousand people showed the death rate from cancer has increased from 4.78 to 5.37. The mortality rates in all years of the study show Liver cancer in men is higher than women with increasing age, the death rate from this cancer also increases. Discussion and conclusions: According to the research of liver cancer is on the rise and liver cancer screening in low therefore recommended that in patients with hepatitis B, liver cancer screening is to detect cases. Key words: Liver, cancer, the mortality , Iran

Evaluating Critical Thinking Skills in Students of the School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013

Background & Objective: Critical thinking skills in students are essential to making better decisions. Obtaining information on the critical thinking skills of students is useful in curriculum planning. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the critical thinking skills of students of the School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, analytical study. The study sample consisted of 338 students of the School of Management and Medical Informatics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2013. The data collection tool used was the California Critical Thinking Skills Test-Form B (CCTST-Form B). Data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANOVA in SPSS software. Results: The mean score of critical thinking among female students was 7.62 ± 4.50 and among male students 7.47 ± 3.69; this difference was not significant. ANOVA showed a significant relationship between critical thinking score and level of education (P = 0.002). The highest mean score of critical thinking (8.98) was observed among M.Sc. students. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between critical thinking score and field of study (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The results show that the critical thinking skills of the studied students were poor in all aspects; hence, training students in this respect is essential. Key Words: Critical thinking, Students, Management, Medical informatics, Ira

Induced demand: A challenge on the way of Iran Health Revolution Program

By comparing indefinite demand and definite resources during the time, induced demand leads to an increase in the share of people in health costs. This may turn into a critical challenge in health system if not managed appropriately. The aim of the current study is to explain the different dimensions of influential factors in induced demand. In addition, changes in induced demand from the beginning of its implementation in the health program are studies as well. This study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with the managers of health care system in Isfahan Province, Iran, which offer health service in three levels: first, second, and third. After the implementation of seven packages of Health Revolution Program, four fundamental concepts of influential fundamental and social factors in induced demand, the organizational structure, and interested parties were studied in 2015. Our findings show that the health Revolution Program has caused an increase in induced demand through social factors (incremental demand, physician-centered system), fundamental factors (lost influence of Referral and Family Physician Programs),the organizational structure(weakness in the educational system, ignoring medicine ethics, lack of regulatory programs), and interested parties (suppliers and receivers). Induced demand increases the affordable costs index. This, in turn, influences the positive acquired results of the program and decreases effective allocation of national resources. This can be managed using such strategies as improving managers' insight about supporting induced demand control, appropriate planning in health care system, correcting the educational system in the field of health care, correcting the payment and referral systems

Comparing the effects of breastfeeding in the laid-back and cradle position upon the experiences of primiparous women:a parallel randomized clinical trial

Background and aim Appropriate positioning is crucial to successful breastfeeding and its continuation. Positioning can create, prevent, or correct breastfeeding problems. This study aimed to determine and compare the effects of both the laid-back and cradle positions upon the breastfeeding experiences of primiparous (cisgender) women. Methods A parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted with a sample of primiparous women (n = 168) with a gestational age of between 31 and 34 weeks, referring to the perinatal clinic of Shahid Gharazi Hospital in Malayer (Hamadan Province, Iran). Participants were recruited via convenience sampling and allocated to one of two groups: intervention (laid-back position) (n = 85) and control (cradle position) (n = 83) using the random block method. Breastfeeding education was given to both groups during two sessions (weeks 31–34 and 35-–37 of pregnancy) by “baby-friendly” accredited hospitals in Iran. The intervention group was instructed on how to breastfeed using the laid-back position. The control group was instructed on how to breastfeed using the cradle position. In the immediate postnatal period, breastfeeding positions were assessed in both groups. Breastfeeding experiences were measured once at the time of participants returning home and again at both 1 week and 2 weeks following birth, using the breastfeeding experience scale. Data analysis was undertaken using the SPSS software version 21. A value of P \u3c 0.05 was considered significant. Results No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of concerns relating to participants nor their breasts, milk insufficiency, neonate, process, or breastfeeding experience at any time point measured. The means (SDs) of breastfeeding experience at the time of discharge, 1 week, and 2 weeks after childbirth in intervention group were 26.07 (4.533), 26.85 (3.812), and 26.65 (4.632) respectively. The means (SDs) of breastfeeding experience at the time of discharge, 1 week, and 2 weeks after childbirth in control group were 25.42 (3.315), 26.68 (3.872), and 25.41 (4.05) respectively. Conclusion There is no difference in breastfeeding experiences whether the laid-back or cradle position is used. Thus, broader education on breastfeeding and the provision of comprehensive support may be more effective in optimizing one’s experience of breastfeeding. Trial registration Registration date: 2021 July 21, Code: IRCT20180427039436N10, https://irct.ir/user/trial/57054/vie

Disparities in incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in the world

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is as the twelfth most frequent cancer and the seventh most important cause of mortality by reason of cancer in the world. Being informed about the incidence and mortality of this cancer and the potential role of development is useful in health policy. The aim of this research is investigating disparities in the incidence and mortality of PC in the world countries in the year 2012. Methods: This study was an ecologic study in the World for assessing the correlation between Human Development Index (HDI) and its details (Gross national income (GNI) per capita, average years of schooling and life expectancy at birth) with age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of PC. Results: In total, 337872 new cases of PC occurred in 2012 around the world, that 178116 and 159711 cases take happen in men and women respectively, also at the same year 330391 deaths of PC occurred, that 173,827 and 156564 cases were in men and women. In assessment the relationship between HDI and ASIR and ASMR of PC there is significant positive correlation equal to 0.767 (p < 0.001) between HDI and ASIR of PC, and a significant positive correlation equal to 0.776 (p < 0.001) between HDI and ASMR of PC. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of PC has a significant positive correlation with the Human Development Index

Trend of bladder cancer mortality in Iran (2006 to 2010)

Abstract Introduction: Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the ninth cancer in terms of incidence in both sexes in the world. Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer in men in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the trend of death from bladder cancer in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by the use of data on mortality in Iran during 2006-10. Data on mortality from cancer within the study period were collected and entered on a pre-designed form. Mortality rates per 105 persons were calculated by age group and sex, and the trend of mortality from this cancer was determined. Results: The results from the calculation of mortality rates per 105 persons indicated that the death rate from bladder cancer is reduced from 1.12 to 1.09. The mortality rates during all the years under study showed that increasing age increases bladder cancer in men. Discussion: No particular change was observed in the analysis of the trend of tobacco use in Iran in the last two decades, which can be considered as one of the causes of constancy of mortality trend from bladder cancer. However, given the increase in the number of people over 65 and the observed growing trend in bladder cancer incidence in various regions of the country, it is recommended that health policies are adopted in order to prevent risk factors behind this type of cancer such as tobacco and harmful industrial materials