Urban Stress and Bicycle Infrastructure in the City of Osnabrück – Analysing Well-Being and Infrastructure Relationships in Streetscapes through a Triangulation Approach

Active mobility is a key factor in the mobility revolution and is thus elementary in combating the climate crisis. At the same time, however, much research is still needed to improve the situation of active mobility, especially regarding inhibiting factors in the choice of active modes of transport. Essential here is road users\u27 positive and negative emotional experiences in different infrastructure settings. Due to high volumes and speeds of motorised traffic, high noise and pollution levels and a lack of greenery urban space, today is often associated with increased stress and an excess of stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, depression, or schizophrenia (Adli, 2017). Providing data and objectifying much-discussed issues such as perceived safety in transport infrastructure is essential for decision-making at the community level (Sørensen, 2009). Such data can provide evidence to refine traffic planning guidelines and improve public space for pedestrians and cyclists. It is therefore necessary to get a differentiated picture of social and ecological considerations in the mobility sector. The BMDV project “Emotion Sensing for (E-)Bicycle Safety and Mobility Comfort ESSEM” investigates the subjective perception of cyclists’ safety in urban traffic. With the help of iterative environmental and body-related data collection, stress points in the municipal cycling network are identified and analysed in the two model cities of Ludwigsburg and Osnabrück . The framework given in this study applies a triangulating approach that allows statements on individual “stress” utilising biological markers (skin conductivity, skin temperature) via a sensor wristband and through standardised questionnaires. In this way, vulnerable groups can be identified, which can be better taken into account in project development and planning. This study focuses on three “stress hotspots” in Osnabrück, considering different forms of bicycle infrastructure

On the DNA cleavage mechanism of Type I restriction enzymes

Although the DNA cleavage mechanism of Type I restriction-modification enzymes has been extensively studied, the mode of cleavage remains elusive. In this work, DNA ends produced by EcoKI, EcoAI and EcoR124I, members of the Type IA, IB and IC families, respectively, have been characterized by cloning and sequencing restriction products from the reactions with a plasmid DNA substrate containing a single recognition site for each enzyme. Here, we show that all three enzymes cut this substrate randomly with no preference for a particular base composition surrounding the cleavage site, producing both 5′- and 3′-overhangs of varying lengths. EcoAI preferentially generated 3′-overhangs of 2-3 nt, whereas EcoKI and EcoR124I displayed some preference for the formation of 5′-overhangs of a length of ∼6-7 and 3-5 nt, respectively. A mutant EcoAI endonuclease assembled from wild-type and nuclease-deficient restriction subunits generated a high proportion of nicked circular DNA, whereas the wild-type enzyme catalyzed efficient cleavage of both DNA strands. We conclude that Type I restriction enzymes require two restriction subunits to introduce DNA double-strand breaks, each providing one catalytic center for phosphodiester bond hydrolysis. Possible models for DNA cleavage are discusse

On the DNA cleavage mechanism of Type I restriction enzymes

Although the DNA cleavage mechanism of Type I restriction–modification enzymes has been extensively studied, the mode of cleavage remains elusive. In this work, DNA ends produced by EcoKI, EcoAI and EcoR124I, members of the Type IA, IB and IC families, respectively, have been characterized by cloning and sequencing restriction products from the reactions with a plasmid DNA substrate containing a single recognition site for each enzyme. Here, we show that all three enzymes cut this substrate randomly with no preference for a particular base composition surrounding the cleavage site, producing both 5′- and 3′-overhangs of varying lengths. EcoAI preferentially generated 3′-overhangs of 2–3 nt, whereas EcoKI and EcoR124I displayed some preference for the formation of 5′-overhangs of a length of ∼6–7 and 3–5 nt, respectively. A mutant EcoAI endonuclease assembled from wild-type and nuclease-deficient restriction subunits generated a high proportion of nicked circular DNA, whereas the wild-type enzyme catalyzed efficient cleavage of both DNA strands. We conclude that Type I restriction enzymes require two restriction subunits to introduce DNA double-strand breaks, each providing one catalytic center for phosphodiester bond hydrolysis. Possible models for DNA cleavage are discussed

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Formalism and Deference in Administration Law

Federalist Society for Law & Public Policy Studies: 2013 National Lawyers Convention, Showcase Panel II

Formalism and Deference in Administration Law

The topic for discussion is formalism and deference in administrative law. As we know, the landmark case of Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council has changed the face of modern administrative law. The panel will address the rightness and limitations of Chevron deference, especially in the context of agency decisions on the scope of the agencies’ jurisdictional mandates. Should the federal courts defer, or should they not defer in this context? We need guidance. Justices Scalia and Thomas recently differed from Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Kennedy and Alito on these issues. Who is right, and why? Does the answer depend in any measure on the growth of the administrative state, and are there larger issues of jurisprudential philosophy at stake? It may just come down to what you are really afraid of in this fundamental disagreement that the Justices are having. Chief Justice Roberts describes it as a “fundamental disagreement.” Are you afraid, as Justice Scalia discusses, of a lack of stability and chaos, of unaccountable federal judges running muckety-muck, deciding numerous issues in sundry ways, or as the Chief Justice recounts, are you afraid, in the words of Madison, of the “accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands” in a vast and evergrowing administrative state

Partizipation und Planung der aktiven Mobilität: Der Einsatz von Cape Revisos Methodenkoffer am Beispiel Herrenbergs

Dieser Artikel stellt einen Auszug aus der Cape-Reviso-Toolbox vor, mit der das Ziel verfolgt wird, die spezifisc Wahrnehmung von Radfahrenden mithilfe digitaler Methoden besser erkennen und verstehen zu können. Die hier vorgestellten Module Nutzendenbefragung, Abstandsmessung, Emotionserkennung und KI-Kamerasystem wurden in Cape Reviso im Rahmen einessynchronen Testlaufs mit 16 Probandinnen und Probanden und fast 300 Datensätzen in der Stadt Herrenberg durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse liefern hinsichtlich der Übertragbarkeit auf andere Projekte vielversprechende Ansätze hinsichtlich einer Skalierung des Erhebungsansatzes mit längerer Laufzeit, der eigenständigen Durchführung der Messungen durch die Testpersonen selbst, sowie die stärkere Integration in kommunale Planungsprozesse. Die Erkenntnisse des Projekts wurden mit Bürgerinnen, Bürgern, Entscheidungsträgerinnen und Entscheidungsträgern diskutiert und erweitern mit der Bereitstellung von quantifizierbaren Messdaten das lokale Wissen über Schwachstellen im kommunalen Radverkehrsnetz