Les externalités de diffusion du savoir-faire permettent-elles de rattraper le retard dans les courses à l’innovation?

Dans une course à l'innovation, les possibilités de rattrapage d'une entreprise distancée sont-elles aiguisées ou au contraire exclues par la présence d'externalités de R&D ? Pudenberg, Gilbert, Stiglitz et Tirole montrent dans une course au brevet avec observation imparfaite de l'activité en R&D des entreprises rivales que ces possibilités de rattrapage existent. Notre article introduit deux hypothèses d'externalités de diffusion du savoir-faire. Nous examinons à l'équilibre, pour chacun d'eux, les conséquences sur les possibilités de rattrapage de la firme en retard. Dans un premier scénario, la part du savoir-faire acquis par chaque entreprise qui revient à sa rivale est décroissante : les possibilités de rattrapage disparaissent à l'équilibre. Dans un second scénario, le taux d'externalité est constant : le rattrapage, même réduit par le jeu des externalités, reste possible à l'équilibre. Nous concluons que dans ce contexte dynamique, les spillovers ont l'effet contre-intuitif d'augmenter la vitesse de l'innovation pour des firmes avec des niveaux d'expérience identiques. Nous mettons aussi en évidence qu'une modélisation différente des externalités influence les possibilités de rattrapage du retardataire.Course au brevet, Externalités, Rattrapage

On the private and social desirability of mixed bundling in complementary markets with cost savings

The aim of this paper is to study both the private and the social desirability of a mixed bundling strategy that generates a cost savings effect. We confirm that mixed bundling is the dominant strategy for multiproduct firms, although it may give rise to a prisoner’s dilemma. Moreover, we show that mixed bundling may maximise social welfare, provided that cost savings are sufficiently high. Finally, we highlight the parametric regions where the social and the private interests coincide, and those where they do not. The recent evolution of broadband telecommunications services provides an ideal framework to apply our theoretical predictions

Optimal Patentability Requirements with Fragmented Property Rights

We study the effect of the fragmentation of intellectual property rights on optimal patent design. The major finding is that when several complementary innovative components must be assembled to operate a new technology, the patentability requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property, which is socially costly. However, to preserve the incentives to innovate, if a patent is granted the strength of protection should be generally higher than in the stand-alone case.Intellectual Property Rights, Fragmentation, Patent Requirements

Optimal Patentability Requirements with Fragmented Property Rights

We study the effect of the fragmentation of intellectual property rights on optimal patent design. The major finding is that when several complementary innovative components must be assembled to operate a new technology, the patentability requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property, which is socially costly. However, to preserve the incentives to innovate, if a patent is granted the strength of protection should be generally higher than in the stand-alone case

Fighting Free with Free: Freemium vs. Piracy

In this article, we show how freemium business models can deter piracy. We analyze a simple freemium model in which a firm offers both a free version and a premium version. The firm can restrict the use of the free version. Consumers can choose between the free and the premium version, but can also get an illegal digital copy. More restrictions can increase the number of premium users but divert other users to piracy. On the contrary, fewer restrictions deter online piracy. We show that with a low level of piracy, the firm sets a high level of restrictions on the free version, which makes the traditional premium business model more profitable than the freemium model. We therefore challenge the idea that strong copyright laws are necessary to protect digital markets. We argue that there are market solutions to fight free with free that better segment consumer audiences according to their willingness to pay for digital music

Optimal Patentability Requirements with Fragmented Property Rights

We study the effect of the fragmentation of intellectual property rights on optimal patent design. The major finding is that when several complementary innovative components must be assembled to operate a new technology, the patentability requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property, which is socially costly. However, to preserve the incentives to innovate, if a patent is granted the strength of protection should be generally higher than in the stand-alone case