Eddy Current Thickness Measurement of the Zink Layer on Galvanized Steel Wires

By resolving Maxwell’s Equations for the case of a long coil encircling a galvanized wire (fig.l), we can calculate the normalized impedance diagram. Later, during the experiments, we will directly use this diagram to find the thickness of the zinc layer. Before resolving Maxwell’s Equations, a few words about the normalized impedance diagram in general. Figure 2 shows the normalized impedance diagram for the simple case of a long coil encircling a wire made out of a homogeneous conductive material of permeability µr and with a fill factor equal to one. A fill factor, η=a2/c2 (fig. 3), equal to one, means that there is no air between the coil and the wire. The x axis represents the normalized resistance (1) (Rp−Re)/ωLe, where Rp is the real component of the impedance Zp of the coil when there is a part inside the coil, Re and ωLe are respectively the real and the imaginary components of Ze when the coil is empty

Efficient Eddy Current Models for Evaluation of Thin Conductive Coatings on Ferromagnetic Substrates

Eddy current testing is widely used to determine physical characteristics of materials and to detect flaws by measurements of the electrical impedance of an eddy current probe. In this paper two analytical models allowing to determine properties of non-magnetic conductive coatings on ferromagnetic conductive substrates, are reported. Operating at a single frequency, two following quantities can be determined: permeability-to-conductivity ratio of the substrate and thickness-conductivity product of the coating [1, 2]. The method was validated using both long solenoids and air core surface coils, and was applied to the evaluation of zinc coatings on steel wires and sheets. The theoretical solutions given for high arguments are compact, and allow fast inversion, respectively around 400 and 10 ms for a pancake surface coil and for a long encircling solenoid. Two series of samples: Ø2.2 mm low carbon steel electro galvanized wires and 0.75–20 mm thick hot dip galvanized sheets, were inspected. Steel sheet samples with artificial coatings, as aluminum foils glued from both sides, were also examined. Experimental data of the coil electrical impedance were compared to those predicted. Agreement between theory and experiment is excellent. The technique developed has an extremely low sensitivity to the substrate conductivity and permeability variations [2]. A DC magnetic field, significantly diminishing the permeability of the substrate, almost does not influence results of the coating thickness determination. The agreement between measured thickness and that obtained by other methods is excellent. The accuracy of the thickness determination typically about 1 μ is obtained

Public Value Capture of Increasing Property Values across Europe

Public value capture is an essential phenomenon to improve the refinancing of public infrastructure and secure the necessary budget for other important duties like education, health and social care. For this reason, smart tools are needed for a successful implementation. This book provides an overview and discussion of instruments and practices in 29 European countries

Cross Section Measurement of Long Cylindrical Products without Contact using Long Cylindrical Coils

The impedance Z of a solenoid with a conducting piece near it when capacity effects are neglected is Z = R + jωL with (1) R=Re−NωφosinϕIo (2) L=NωφocosϕIo where Re is the resistance of the wire of the coil, N is the number of single turns of the coil, Φo is the amplitude of the mean magnetic flux crossing the coil, Io is the amplitude of the current I circulating in the coil, ω is the pulsation of the current and ϕ is the phase of the flux relative to the current

Global birth defects app: An innovative tool for describing and coding congenital anomalies at birth in low resource settings

BACKGROUND: Surveillance programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have difficulty in obtaining accurate information about congenital anomalies. METHODS: As part of the ZikaPLAN project, an International Committee developed an app for the description and coding of congenital anomalies that are externally visible at birth, for use in low resource settings. The “basic” version of the app was designed for a basic clinical setting and to overcome language and terminology barriers by providing diagrams and photos, sourced mainly from international Birth Defects Atlases. The “surveillance” version additionally allows recording of limited pseudonymized data relevant to diagnosis, which can be uploaded to a secure server, and downloaded by the surveillance program data center. RESULTS: The app contains 98 (88 major and 10 minor) externally visible anomalies and 12 syndromes (including congenital Zika syndrome), with definitions and International Classification of Disease v10 -based code. It also contains newborn examination videos and links to further resources. The user taps a region of the body, then selects among a range of images to choose the congenital anomaly that best resembles what they observe, with guidance regarding similar congenital anomalies. The “basic” version of the app has been reviewed by experts and made available on the Apple and Google Play stores. Since its launch in November 2019, it has been downloaded in 39 countries. The "surveillance” version is currently being field-tested. CONCLUSION: The global birth defects app is a mHealth tool that can help in developing congenital anomaly surveillance in low resource settings to support prevention and care

Genetic architecture of the APM1 gene and its influence on adiponectin plasma levels and parameters of the metabolic syndrome in 1,727 healthy Caucasians

Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.The associations of the adiponectin (APM1) gene with parameters of the metabolic syndrome are inconsistent. We performed a systematic investigation based on fine-mapped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighting the genetic architecture and their role in modulating adiponectin plasma concentrations in a particularly healthy population of 1,727 Caucasians avoiding secondary effects from disease processes. Genotyping 53 SNPs (average spacing of 0.7 kb) in the APM1 gene region in 81 Caucasians revealed a two-block linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure and enabled comprehensive tag SNP selection. We found particularly strong associations with adiponectin concentrations for 11 of the 15 tag SNPs in the 1,727 subjects (five P values <0.0001). Haplotype analysis provided a thorough differentiation of adiponectin concentrations with 9 of 17 haplotypes showing significant associations (three P values <0.0001). No significant association was found for any SNP with the parameters of the metabolic syndrome. We observed a two-block LD structure of APM1 pointing toward at least two independent association signals, one including the promoter SNPs and a second spanning the relevant exons. Our data on a large number of healthy subjects suggest a clear modulation of adiponectin concentrations by variants of APM1, which are not merely a concomitant effect in the course of type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Conversion of t11t13 CLA into c9t11 CLA in Caco-2 Cells and Inhibition by Sterculic Oil

Background : Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), and principally c9t11 CLA, are suspected to have numerous preventive properties regarding non-infectious pathologies such as inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis and several types of cancer. C9t11 CLA is produced in the rumen during biohydrogenation of linoleic acid, but can also be synthesized in mammalian tissues from trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11) through the action of delta-9 desaturase (D9D). For several years, it is also known that c9t11 CLA can be synthesized from conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA), i.e. c9t11c13 CLnA and c9t11t13 CLnA. This study aimed at investigating to which extent and by which route c9t11 CLA can be produced from another isomer of CLA, the t11t13 CLA that is structurally very similar to c9t11t13 CLnA, in Caco-2 cells

Adipose Tissue Deficiency and Chronic Inflammation in Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that is progressive and involves multiple tissues. Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats are a polygenic model with elevated blood glucose, peripheral insulin resistance, a non-obese phenotype, and exhibit many degenerative changes observed in human T2DM. As part of a systems analysis of disease progression in this animal model, this study characterized the contribution of adipose tissue to pathophysiology of the disease. We sacrificed subgroups of GK rats and appropriate controls at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age and carried out a gene array analysis of white adipose tissue. We expanded our physiological analysis of the animals that accompanied our initial gene array study on the livers from these animals. The expanded analysis included adipose tissue weights, HbA1c, additional hormonal profiles, lipid profiles, differential blood cell counts, and food consumption. HbA1c progressively increased in the GK animals. Altered corticosterone, leptin, and adiponectin profiles were also documented in GK animals. Gene array analysis identified 412 genes that were differentially expressed in adipose tissue of GKs relative to controls. The GK animals exhibited an age-specific failure to accumulate body fat despite their relatively higher calorie consumption which was well supported by the altered expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in the white adipose tissue of these animals, including Fasn, Acly, Kklf9, and Stat3. Systemic inflammation was reflected by chronically elevated white blood cell counts. Furthermore, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue was evident from the differential expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and activation of natural immunity, including two interferon regulated genes, Ifit and Iipg, as well as MHC class II genes. This study demonstrates an age specific failure to accumulate adipose tissue in the GK rat and the presence of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue from these animals