Peniophora pseudonuda is a synonym of P. laeta

Peniophora laeta is easily recognized because it is restricted to Carpinus as host in Europe, and the reddish yellow basidioma is provided with prominent teeth or hyphal pegs, disrupting the bark when developing. P. pseudonuda was earlier not even thought of as related to P. laeta, because basidiomata are smooth and developing on the bark. Moreover, basidioma initiation starts with a thin layer of brown-pigmented hyphae on the bark surface. This gives a bluish tint to the mature basidioma, which is in striking contrast to the orange-yellow basidiomata found in P. laeta. Nevertheless, both ITS sequences and crossing tests show that P. pseudonuda is conspecific with P. laeta. This was supported also by similarities in spores, basidia, and cystidia morphology

The Caucasian corticioid fungi: Level of endemism, similarity, and possible contribution to European fungal diversity

We assess the composition of corticioid fungi in the Caucasus region for the first time. The Caucasian corticioids were compared with those of well-documented areas in the Northern Hemisphere using the Tripartite similarity index and cluster analysis. To investigate the significance of the Caucasus region as a possible contributor to the colonization of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes in Europe, DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) belonging to the corticioid fungus Peniophorella praetermissa were analysed for comparisons of genetic diversity within and differentiation between geographical regions. Putative species endemism and disjunction of corticioids in the Caucasus region is also discussed. The composition of corticioid fungi in the Caucasus region was found to be distinctly more similar to Europe and North America than to East Asia and India. Similarity tests and molecular Fsts both point to a strong connection between the Caucasus and Europe. The highest molecular diversity in P praetermissa was in the Caucasus and East Asia as compared with other regions studied. The Caucasus and East Asia were significantly differentiated from each other, and unlike Caucasian samples, East Asian sequences were highly divergent from the European ones. This result suggests that the Caucasus might have been a source of colonization for Europe. Endemism is very low, possibly a common feature for wood-inhabiting saprotrophic fungi

The Importance of Context and Cognitive Agency in Developing Police Knowledge: Going Beyond the Police Science Discourse

This paper argues the current exposition of police knowledge through the discourses of police science and evidenced based policing (EBP) leads to exaggerated claims about what is, and can be, known in policing. This new orthodoxy underestimates the challenges of applying knowledge within culturally-mediated police practice. The paper draws upon virtue epistemology highlighting the role cognitive agency plays in establishing knowledge claims. We challenge the assumption that it is possible to derive what works in all instances of certain aspects of policing and suggest it would be more apt to speak about what worked within a specific police context

Evolutionary history of Serpulaceae (Basidiomycota): molecular phylogeny, historical biogeography and evidence for a single transition of nutritional mode

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The fungal genus <it>Serpula </it>(Serpulaceae, Boletales) comprises several saprotrophic (brown rot) taxa, including the aggressive house-infecting dry rot fungus <it>Serpula lacrymans</it>. Recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the ectomycorrhiza forming genera <it>Austropaxillus </it>and <it>Gymnopaxillus </it>cluster within <it>Serpula</it>. In this study we use DNA sequence data to investigate phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography of, and nutritional mode transitions in Serpulaceae.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our results corroborate that the two ectomycorrhiza-forming genera, <it>Austropaxillus </it>and <it>Gymnopaxillus</it>, form a monophyletic group nested within the saprotrophic genus <it>Serpula</it>, and that the <it>Serpula </it>species <it>S. lacrymans </it>and <it>S. himantioides </it>constitute the sister group to the <it>Austropaxillus</it>-<it>Gymnopaxillus </it>clade. We found that both vicariance (Beringian) and long distance dispersal events are needed to explain the phylogeny and current distributions of taxa within Serpulaceae. Our results also show that the transition from brown rot to mycorrhiza has happened only once in a monophyletic Serpulaceae, probably between 50 and 22 million years before present.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study supports the growing understanding that the same geographical barriers that limit plant- and animal dispersal also limit the spread of fungi, as a combination of vicariance and long distance dispersal events are needed to explain the present patterns of distribution in Serpulaceae. Our results verify the transition from brown rot to ECM within Serpulaceae between 50 and 22 MyBP.</p

Culture studies in Aphyllophorales

ABSTRACT: The use of diagnostic culture studies for taxonomical purposes is discussed as well as pairing tests for investigation of species delimitations and microevolution