Study on the Effect of PIWIL2 Expression on EMT of Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Its Mechanism

Objective: This study mainly elaborated the specific molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis and EMT, which has important clinical value in judging the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer patients. Methods: A total of 493 patients with breast cancer were studied. The expression of PIWIL2 gene was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and section analysis, and the correlation between gene expression and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the patients was investigated. TGF-β1 was used to induce breast cancer cells, and EMT model was constructed at the same time to compare the changes of EMT model cells in the control group and obervation group. The expression of PIWIL2 gene in EMT model was detected by Western bloting. After transfection and RNA interference, PIWIL2 expression was silenced. At the same time, the morphological changes of the cells after the reduction of PIWIL2 gene expression were observed through microscope. The gene changes related to EMT were detected by RT-PCR and Western bloting. The expression of PIWIL2 gene was decreased by invasion test. And the expression of breast cell invasiveness and other related expressions such as MMP-13, MMP-9, VEGF shall also be decreased. The effect of MAPKERK and P13K/AKT pathway on the regulation of PIWIL2 expression was studied by obseving the cellular mophology through the microscope. And RT-PCR and Western bloting were used to detect the expression, including Snail, Vimentin and SIug. The effects of PIWIL2 and the downstream transcription factor SIug in ER pathway in breast cancer cells were analyzed by light microscopy, RT-PCR, Western bloting and Transwell invasion experiment. Results: PIWIL2 expression was negatively correlated with its survival rate in estrogen receptor a negative patients, while was not directly related to estrogen receptor positive patients. After the induction of TGF-β1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the cells were spindle shaped and would lose the intercellular adhesion. With the development of EMT, the inhibition of PIWIL2 gene expression would block the effect of TGF-β1 on EMT in MCF-7 cell lines. The changes of EMT-related genes expression can be shown by RT-PCR and Western Bloting. SiRNA sclienced the Piwi12 expression, which will decrease the cellular invasiveness. At the same time, such matrix metalloproteinase as MMP9 and MMP13 and the mRNA transcription vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly down-regulated. After silencing the expression of SIug, all EMT of TGF-β1 gene will be inhibited, and the estrogen a signal pathway can inhibit the expression of PIWIL2 and the downstream transcription factor SIug. Slug is a common downstream transcription factor of estrogen a and PIWIL2, which also serves as an important bridge connecting estrogen a and Piwi12. It can accept Piwi12 and estrogen a to inhibit or stimulate signals, and then effectively regulate the EMT of breast cancer cells. In addition, ER signal can also participate in the expression of Piwi12 and antagonize Piwi12 to promote EMT

GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection

With the rapid development of deep generative models (such as Generative Adversarial Networks and Diffusion models), AI-synthesized images are now of such high quality that humans can hardly distinguish them from pristine ones. Although existing detection methods have shown high performance in specific evaluation settings, e.g., on images from seen models or on images without real-world post-processing, they tend to suffer serious performance degradation in real-world scenarios where testing images can be generated by more powerful generation models or combined with various post-processing operations. To address this issue, we propose a Global and Local Feature Fusion (GLFF) framework to learn rich and discriminative representations by combining multi-scale global features from the whole image with refined local features from informative patches for AI synthesized image detection. GLFF fuses information from two branches: the global branch to extract multi-scale semantic features and the local branch to select informative patches for detailed local artifacts extraction. Due to the lack of a synthesized image dataset simulating real-world applications for evaluation, we further create a challenging fake image dataset, named DeepFakeFaceForensics (DF 3 ), which contains 6 state-of-the-art generation models and a variety of post-processing techniques to approach the real-world scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method to the state-of-the-art methods on the proposed DF 3 dataset and three other open-source datasets.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 8 table

Distribution of protein components of wheat from different regions

The distribution of wheat protein components in different regions was researched to provide a theoretical basis on variety selection, quality improvement and food processing. 146 varieties from eight regions were collected to measure contents of protein components (albumin, globulin, gliadin and glutenin) in different regions for the distribution. The largest variation coefficient occurred in contents of globulin, followed by those of gliadin and albumin, while the contents of glutenin varied with the smallest range. The contents of all protein components belonged to normal distribution. It was discovered that the contents of albumin and globulin skewed towards the high value, while glutenin content skewed towards the low value. Differences on the contents of protein components existed in samples from different regions; the regional distribution of four protein components is: the northern region > the southern region > the western region > the eastern region. The contents of protein components of Yannong 19 in different regions were determined, the results displayed that the distributions of four protein components showed the same trends, although the highest contents occurred in Shanxi as compared to the other three regions (Shandong, Jiangsu and An’hui), and there were little differences among them. Geographical conditions can affect the protein components of wheat, and gliadin and glutenin content can affect wheat quality, so we can designate areas where wheat contains more gliadin and glutenin as our high-quality wheat producing areas, of which Shaanxi is a better choice.Keywords: Wheat, protein components, different regions, distributio

Ratiometric Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes Based on Hemicyanine Dyes Bearing Dithioacetal and Formal Residues for pH Detection in Mitochondria

Ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probes (AH+ and BH+) have been prepared for pH determination in mitochondria by attaching dithioacetal and formal residues onto a hemicyanine dye. The reactive formyl group on probe BH+ allows for retention inside mitochondria as it can react with a protein primary amine residue to form an imine under slightly basic pH 8.0. Probes AH+ and BH+ display ratiometric fluorescent responses to pH changes through the protonation and deprotonaton of a hydroxy group in hemicyanine dyes with experimentally determined pKa values of 6.85 and 6.49, respectively. Calculated pKa values from a variety of theoretical methods indicated that the SMDBONDI method of accounting for solvent and van der Waals radii plus including a water molecule located near the site of protonation produced the closest overall agreement with the experimental values at 7.33 and 6.14 for AH+ and BH+ respectively

Preparation and analysis of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and its effect on xerophthalmia

1348-1353carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been effectively synthesized with high yield and purity. With the prolongation of time after model establishment, the values of Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t) and breakup time of tear film gradually decreased. The α-MSH and CMC alone could ameliorate corneal tissue damage and corneal morphological abnormalities in the dry eye to some extent. However, compared with monotherapy, the treatment of α-MSH combined with CMC has a more significant positive effect on the improvement of tear secretion and the stability of tear film in dry eye model in the early stage after modeling. There are significant differences between the model control group and the normal control group at each time point after model establishment (all Pth, 14th, 21th and 28th days after treatment. After 7, 14 and 21 days treatment, the S Ⅰ t values in the α-MSH+CMC treatment group were 4.80±0.79, 4.10±0.52 and 4.30±0.86 mm, respectively