Концепция создания гормонального контрацептивного средства с оптимальной фармакодинамикой

Приведены сведения о фундаментальных исследованиях стероидных соединений с гестагенной активностью, результатом которых стало создание дроспиренона. Представлены данные клинических исследований, доказывающие надежность контрацептивного эффекта нового препарата "Ярина(r)", содержащего дроспиренон и одновременно позволяющего получить ряд дополнительных преимуществ: повышение качества жизни, положительное влияние на общее самочувствие, хороший контроль цикла, уменьшение тяжести предменструальных симптомов, проявлений акне и себореи.The authors report about fundamental studies of steroid compounds with gestagenic activity, which stimulated Drospirenon production.The data of clinical investigations proving the reliability of contraceptive effect of a new drug Yarina(r) containing Drospirenon and allowing to obtain a number of additional advantages: improvement of the quality of life, positive influence on the general health, good control of the cycle, reduction of premenstrual signs severity, manifestations of acne and seborrhea are reported

Programs for special classes for children with complex violations of the development of special educational institutions for visually impaired children. Labor training. Preparatory, grades 1-4

Метою трудового навчання є розвиток особистості зі складними вадами розвитку через залучення до різних видів доступної праці, засвоєння знань про властивості оброблюваних матеріалів, вивчення засобів праці, формування відповідального ставлення до вирішення трудових завдань і навчання безпеки праці. У процесі трудової діяльності з різноманітними предметами та матеріалами, змінюючи під час обробки їх форму, конфігурацію, розміри, величину, об’єм, вагу, поверхню, учні оволодівають прийомами і способами проведення обстежувальних дій, предметної і просторової орієнтації, збагачують власні уявлення про навколишню дійсність, знаходять особисто значущі для них об’єкти праці, тобто такі, що найкраще забезпечують реалізацію їхніх творчих можливостей. Мета і завдання предмета реалізуються на основі змісту кількох основних напрямків життєдіяльності: природа, людина, техніка, естетичне довкілля. За структурою програма складається з трьох колонок: зміст навчального матеріалу; навчальні досягнення учнів; спрямованість корекційно-розвивальної роботи.Целью трудового обучения является развитие личности со сложными нарушениями в развитии путем привлечения к различным видам доступного труда, усвоение знаний о свойствах обрабатываемых материалов, изучение средств труда, формирование ответственного отношения к решению трудовых задач и обучения безопасности труда. В процессе трудовой деятельности с различными предметами и материалами, изменяя при обработке их форму, конфигурацию, размеры, величину, объем, вес, поверхность, учащиеся овладевают приемами и способами проведения обследовательских действий, предметной и пространственной ориентации, обогащают собственные представления об окружающей действительности, находят лично значимые для них объекты труда, то есть такие, которые лучше всего обеспечивают реализацию их творческих возможностей. Цель и задачи предмета реализуются на основе содержания нескольких направлений жизнедеятельности: природа, человек, техника, эстетика окружающей среды. По структуре программа состоит из трех колонок: содержание учебного материала; учебные достижения учащихся; направленность коррекционно-развивающей работы.The purpose of labor training is the development of a person with complex defects through the involvement in various types of accessible labor, the acquisition of knowledge about the properties of processed materials, the study of means of labor, the formation of responsible attitude to solving labor problems and training in labor safety. In the process of work with various objects and materials, changing their shape, configuration, size, size, volume, weight, surface, and size, size, size, volume, weight, surface, students acquire techniques and methods of conducting exploratory actions, subject and spatial orientation, enriching their own ideas about the surrounding reality, find objects of labor that are personally meaningful to them, that is, those that best ensure the realization of their creative abilities. The purpose and tasks of the subject are realized on the basis of the content of several key areas of life: nature, man, technique, aesthetic environment. The structure of the program consists of three columns: the content of the training material; educational achievements of students; the direction of correction and development work

Antimicrobial usage and resistance in companion animals: A cross-sectional study in three european countries

Companion animals have been described as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), however data remain scarce. Therefore, the objectives were to describe antimicrobial usage (AMU) in dogs and cats in three European countries (Belgium, Italy, and The Netherlands) and to investigate phenotypic AMR. A questionnaire and one fecal sample per animal (n = 303) were collected over one year and AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI). Phenotypic resistance profiles of 282 Escherichia coli isolates were determined. Nineteen percent of the animals received at least one antimicrobial treatment six months preceding sampling. On average, cats and dogs were treated with a standard daily dose of antimicrobials for 1.8 and 3.3 days over one year, respectively. The most frequently used antimicrobial was amoxicillin-clavulanate (27%). Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and critically important antimicrobials for human medicine represented 83% and 71% of the total number of treatments, respectively. Resistance of E. coli to at least one antimicrobial agent was found in 27% of the isolates. The most common resistance was to ampicillin (18%). Thirteen percent was identified as multidrug resistant isolates. No association between AMU and AMR was found in the investigated samples. The issue to address, regarding AMU in companion animal, lies within the quality of use, not the quantity. Especially from a One-Health perspective, companion animals might be a source of transmission of resistance genes and/or resistant bacteria to humans.</p

Гибридная интегральная схема для обработки звукового сигнала

Разработана гибридная интегральная схема с номинальным напряжением питания 1,4 В, током потребления 0,7 мА и габаритными размерами 8x4x3 мм для обработки звукового сигнала в автономной аппаратуре.Розроблена гібридна інтегральна схема з номінальною напругою живлення 1,4 В, струмом споживання 0,7 мА і габаритними розмірами 8x4x3 мм забезпечує багатофункціональну обробку звуковою сигналу в аналоговій мікроелектронній апаратурі. Наведено її конструкторсько-технологічні та електричні параметри.Developed hybrid integrated circuit with rated supply voltage of 1,4 V, current consumption 0,7 mA and overall dimensions 8x4x3 mm provides soft processing of the audio signal in analog microelectronic equipment. Given its design, technological and electrical parameters

Persistence of Livestock Associated MRSA CC398 in Humans Is Dependent on Intensity of Animal Contact

INTRODUCTION: The presence of Livestock Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) in humans is associated with intensity of animal contact. It is unknown whether the presence of LA-MRSA is a result of carriage or retention of MRSA-contaminated dust. We conducted a longitudinal study among 155 veal farmers in which repeated nasal and throat swabs were taken for MRSA detection. Periods with and without animal exposure were covered. METHODS: Randomly, 51 veal calf farms were visited from June-December 2008. Participants were asked to fill in questionnaires (n = 155) to identify potential risk factors for MRSA colonisation. Nasal and throat swabs were repeatedly taken from each participant for approximately 2 months. Swabs were analysed for MRSA and MSSA by selective bacteriological culturing. Spa-types of the isolates were identified and a ST398 specific PCR was performed. Data were analyzed using generalized estimation equations (GEE) to allow for correlated observations within individuals. RESULTS: Mean MRSA prevalence was 38% in farmers and 16% in family members. Presence of MRSA in farmers was strongly related to duration of animal contact and was strongly reduced in periods with absence of animal contact (-58%). Family members, especially children, were more often carriers when the farmer was a carrier (OR = 2,

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Veal Calf Farming: Human MRSA Carriage Related with Animal Antimicrobial Usage and Farm Hygiene

Introduction Recently a specific MRSA sequence type, ST398, emerged in food production animals and farmers. Risk factors for carrying MRSA ST398 in both animals and humans have not been fully evaluated. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated factors associated with MRSA colonization in veal calves and humans working and living on these farms. Methods A sample of 102 veal calf farms were randomly selected and visited from March 2007–February 2008. Participating farmers were asked to fill in a questionnaire (n = 390) to identify potential risk factors. A nasal swab was taken from each participant. Furthermore, nasal swabs were taken from calves (n = 2151). Swabs were analysed for MRSA by selective enrichment and suspected colonies were confirmed as MRSA by using slide coagulase test and PCR for presence of the mecA-gene. Spa types were identified and a random selection of each spa type was tested with ST398 specific PCR. The Sequence Type of non ST398 strains was determined. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results Human MRSA carriage was strongly associated with intensity of animal contact and with the number of MRSA positive animals on the farm. Calves were more often carrier when treated with antibiotics, while farm hygiene was associated with a lower prevalence of MRSA. Conclusion This is the first study showing direct associations between animal and human carriage of ST398. The direct associations between animal and human MRSA carriage and the association between MRSA and antimicrobial use in calves implicate prudent use of antibiotics in farm animals

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and humans

Since 2004 MRSA emerged in animals, particularly in pigs and veal calves. This new MRSA variant was since its first appearance referred to as Livestock Associated-MRSA (LA-MRSA). In Europe and Northern America, LA-MRSA belongs predominantly to clonal complex (CC) 398 whereas in Asia ST9 seems to be dominant in pigs. Persons in direct contact with LA-MRSA-positive animals have an increased risk of becoming MRSA positive. The risk of carriage is mainly related with the intensity of animal contact and with MRSA prevalence among animals on the farm. In contrast with its success in animals, it seemed that MRSA CC398 is a poor persistent colonizer in humans. MRSA ST398 can, however, cause serious (invasive) infections and outbreaks, although, only incidentally reported so far. Farm hygiene and antimicrobial use contributed to MRSA occurrence in animals. Therefore these two determinants should in principle be incorporated into MRSA-control programmes in animal production. Like any other microorganism, LA-MRSA is expected to be able to adapt to new hosts and may change over time in the potential to colonize and to produce toxins. Also, the current circulating clone CC398 may be replaced by another clone in Western countries or emerge in countries where this clone is currently low-prevalent. Ongoing MRSA surveillance in humans and animals is needed to detect changes in epidemiology and to implement effective control measures

Characteristics of persistent-, intermittent- and non-carriers of MRSA.

<p>* mean prevalence over 10 sampling days.</p><p>** mean prevalence over 3 sampling days.</p