Studying Gender Gap In Terms Of Work, Education And Health In The Northern And North-Eastern Region In Syria

This paper tries to explore the gender gap in the Northern and North-Eastern area in Syria from three key pillars i.e. work, education and health, using the database of the fast population survey undertaken by the Commission for Planning and International Cooperation and UNFPA in Syria. In details, the study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the opinions and attitudes of individuals from different social groups in the subject areas that represent the dimensions of the gender gap. The work dimension focused the reasons of accepting women's work as well as studying the reasons for refusing that work to identify enabling and hindering factors of that work. In addition, some related issues that might be affected by woman work were studied such as men participation in household work, woman role in formulating household decisions and her right to inheritance. In the education dimension, the study focused on exploring parents' preferences towards the education level for their children and the effects of that preferences on children attainment and study. The health dimension examined some behaviors and have different health implications between men and women such as the preferred age at first marriage, the preferred age to stop giveng birth and early pregnancy etc. The study concludes with some results of which: (1) there is a gender gap with regard to accepting work outside family home, (2) there is noticeable difference in the education level that parents prefer for their boy and that for their daughters, (3) there are widespread of some behaviors and practices that have adverse effects on women's health. يسعى البحث إلى سبر فجوة النوع الاجتماعي في المنطقة الشمالية والشمالية الشرقية في سورية من ثلاثة محاور أساسية هي العمل والتعليم والصحة باستخدام قاعدة بيانات المسح السكاني السريع الذي قامت به هيئة التخطيط والتعاون الدولي مع صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكان في سورية. بالتفصيل، هدف الدراسة هو إجراء تحليلٍ موسعٍ لآراء ومواقف الأفراد من مختلف الفئات الاجتماعية في المنطقة المدروسة في مواضيع محاور البحث الثلاثة التي تُمثل أبرز أبعاد قضية النوع الاجتماعي. ركّز محور العمل على أسباب قبول عمل المرأة خارج المنزل بالتوازي مع دراسة أسباب عدم الموافقة عليه للتعرّف على العوامل المساعدة لعملها والمعيقة له؛ بالإضافة إلى دراسة مسائل قد يؤثر فيها عمل المرأة مثل مشاركة الرجل في الأعمال المنزلية ودور المرأة في صياغة قرار الأسرة وحقها في الإرث. في محور التعليم، ركّزت الدراسة على سبر تفضيلات الأهل للمستوى التعليمي المُفضل لأبنائهم وبناتهم وانعكاس تلك التفضيلات على انتظام الأبناء والبنات فعلياً في الدراسة. في محور الصحة، تمّ التركيز على بعض السلوكيات والممارسات التي تؤثر في الصحة بشكلٍ متباين بين الذكور والإناث مثل العمر المرغوب عند الزواج الأول والعمر المرغوب للتوقف عن الإنجاب والحمل المبكر وغيرها. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج منها (1) وجود فجوة بين الرجل والمرأة في مجال قبول العمل خارج المنزل، (2) وجود فارق واضح في المستوى التعليمي الذي يرغبه الأهل لأبنائهم وبناتهم لصالح المجموعة الأولى، و(3) شيوع العديد من الممارسات والسلوكيات ذات الأثر السلبي في المستوى الصحي عند الإناث مقارنة بالذكور كتفضيل الزواج المبكر والحمل المبكر للإناث واستمرارهن في الإنجاب وعدم المعرفة بأهمية الفحص الطبي قبل الزواج وغيره

Using Atrium as a Strategy for Bringing Daylight to the Central Space of the University Educational Buildings

The atrium has been implemented as an architectural feature used in deep, large buildings. It is mainly used to provide an indoor space that encourage people interaction and bring a good level of daylight into the central and adjacent dark spaces. Atrium is a space covered with multi-storey glass and it can be closed from one, two, three or four sides. It has been used by the Romans since ancient times in housing, and became a model for the design of public buildings with a large scale, in order to take the best advantage of the climatic conditions to fetch as much daylight as possible. As it is not usual now to develop a large building without having a form of atrium. The model of the atrium in the educational buildings has been adopted due to the high quality indoor environment that it provides for the students in terms of physical and psychological comfort.  In addition to its aesthetic value, it has been considered as an architectural solution for many environmental problems related to lighting and ventilation faced by architects during the design process. However, the atrium did not get sufficient interest in most of universities buildings. As the bad designed atrium leads to uncomfortable temperature during the day. As well as the glare caused by allowing too much daylight. The research presents a series of studies and discusses a range of methods and solutions that can improve the design of atrium and its performance for daylight by evaluating the atrium and propose modifications that fit the building structure. This evaluation focuses on two main aspects of the building; atrium geometry and the wall reflectance values. يعبر الفناء المسقوف واحدا من الاستراتيجيات المتبعة في المباني ذات المساحات الكبيرة و يستخدم بشكل أساسي لتأمين بيئة داخلية تشجع على التفاعل الاجتماعي و تؤمن الضوء الطبيعي لكافة فراغات المبنى بما فيها الفراغ العام الوسطي و يعرف الفناء المسقوف (atrium ) بأنه فراغ مسقوف بالزجاج متعدد الطوابق و قد يكون مغلق من جهة واحدة  أو أكثر أو من جميع الجهات،  و قد استخدمه الرومان منذ القدم في السكن ثم اعتمد نموذجا لتصميم المباني العامة ذات المقياس الكبير نظرا لكفاءته العالية البيئية، إذ انه من غير المعتاد الآن تطوير مبنى كبير الحجم لا يحتوي على شكل من أشكال فراغ الفناء. و قد اتبع نموذج الفناء المسقوف في الفراغ العام الرئيسي في المباني التعليمية نظرا لما يوفره هذا الفراغ من بيئة داخلية عالية الجودة للطلاب من حيث الراحة الفيسولوجية و النفسية. حيث أنه بالإضافة إلى قيمته الجمالية، يعتبر أحد الحلول المعمارية لكثير من المشاكل البيئية المتعلقة بالإضاءة و التهوية و التشميس التي يواجهها المصممون المعماريون في عملية التصميم. و لم يلق هذا الفراغ الاهتمام الكافي في أغلب المباني الجامعية حيث يؤدي الفناء المصمم بشكل سيئ إلى درجات حرارة غير مريحة أثناء النهار، بالإضافة إلى الوهج الناتج عن السماح لضوء النهار بالنفاذ بشكل زائد. يقدم البحث مجموعة من الدراسات التي أجريت على الفناء المسقوف و يتطرق إلى مجموعة من الطرق و الحلول التي ممكن معها تحسين تصميمه و أداءه بالنسبة لضوء النهار من خلال تقييم الفناء واقتراح التعديلات التي تناسب تشكيل المبنى. يركز هذا التقييم على جانبين رئيسيين للمبنى، وهما التشكيل الهندسي للفناء وقيم انعكاس الجدار

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

The development and validation of a scoring tool to predict the operative duration of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The ability to accurately predict operative duration has the potential to optimise theatre efficiency and utilisation, thus reducing costs and increasing staff and patient satisfaction. With laparoscopic cholecystectomy being one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide, a tool to predict operative duration could be extremely beneficial to healthcare organisations. Methods: Data collected from the CholeS study on patients undergoing cholecystectomy in UK and Irish hospitals between 04/2014 and 05/2014 were used to study operative duration. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was produced in order to identify significant independent predictors of long (> 90 min) operations. The resulting model was converted to a risk score, which was subsequently validated on second cohort of patients using ROC curves. Results: After exclusions, data were available for 7227 patients in the derivation (CholeS) cohort. The median operative duration was 60 min (interquartile range 45–85), with 17.7% of operations lasting longer than 90 min. Ten factors were found to be significant independent predictors of operative durations > 90 min, including ASA, age, previous surgical admissions, BMI, gallbladder wall thickness and CBD diameter. A risk score was then produced from these factors, and applied to a cohort of 2405 patients from a tertiary centre for external validation. This returned an area under the ROC curve of 0.708 (SE = 0.013, p  90 min increasing more than eightfold from 5.1 to 41.8% in the extremes of the score. Conclusion: The scoring tool produced in this study was found to be significantly predictive of long operative durations on validation in an external cohort. As such, the tool may have the potential to enable organisations to better organise theatre lists and deliver greater efficiencies in care