In Search of Legitimacy in Times of Crisis

At first sight, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) seems to be a least likely candidate for a regional organization (RO) prescribing and promoting (good) governance in its member states: It consists of authoritarian monarchies and is a strong proponent of the principles of national sovereignty and non- interference. This paper, however, shows that the GCC does engage in governance transfer. Reacting to a crisis of legitimacy, the rulers of the GCC states have resorted to governance transfer as a strategy of legit-imation. In certain policy fields they prescribe and promote good governance standards to suggest to their respective citizenry as well as to external investors that they are actively trying to tackle their governance problems in these fields. Governance transfer by the GCC can be conceptualized as an institutional choice by the rulers of the GCC states which is supposed to ensure their regimes’ survival in times of a crisis of legiti-macy

Die politische Rolle des ägyptischen Verfassungsgerichts nach der ägyptischen Revolution 2011

Verfassungsgerichte werden oft als bedeutende Akteure in Transformationsprozessen angesehen. Von diesen im Zuge einer Demokratisierung neu eingerichteten Verfassungsgerichten unterscheidet sich das ägyptische Verfassungsgericht (Supreme Constitutional Court, SCC) dadurch, dass es bereits mit der Verfassung von 1971 gegründet wurde; im autoritären System Ägyptens hat es mitunter eine äußerst wichtige, aber auch ambivalente Rolle gespielt. Nach dem Sturz Mubaraks ist das Gericht – trotz der Suspendierung der Verfassung durch den Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) – nicht aufgelöst worden und hat mit seinen Entscheidungen großen Einfluss auf die politischen Entwicklungen in Ägypten genommen. Das Working Paper geht anhand des ägyptischen Falls der Frage nach, welche Rolle etablierte Verfassungsgerichte in Transformationsprozessen spielen. Dabei stehen zwei zentrale Entscheidungen des Gerichts vom Juni 2012 im Mittelpunkt der Analyse. Das Paper zeigt auf, dass die frühere Rechtsprechung, das institutionelle Selbstverständnis des Gerichts und das Amtsverständnis der RichterInnen zentral sind, um die Rolle des Gerichts in der Umbruchsituation verstehen zu können

"Transforming to Where? The Cases of Egypt and Tunisia": 16th DGAP International Summer School; Berlin, August 26-September 7, 2012

Die 16. Sommerschule der DGAP (26. August bis 7. September 2012) konzentrierte sich auf die Umwandlungen in Ägypten und Tunesien und untersuchte neue Demokratiekonzepte, -theorien und -modelle. Knapp 30 vielversprechende Berufsanfänger aus Ägypten, Tunesien, der Türkei und Europa nahmen am Programm teil, welches Vorlesungen, Gesprächsrunden, Debatten und Workshops beinhaltete. Zu den Referenten gehörten Paul Nolte, Tariq Ramadan, Volker Perthes, Mustafa Kamel Al-Sayyid und Hamad Abdel Samad

Reactivity of Tetrahedral E4 Molecules (E4 = P4, As4, AsP3) and En Ligand Complexes

The dissertation with the title “Reactivity of Tetrahedral E4 Molecules (E4 = P4, As4, AsP3) and En Ligand Complexes" deals on the one hand with the reactivity of white phosphorus, yellow arsenic and the interpnictogen compound AsP3 towards low valent transition metal and main group metal compounds stabilized by β-diiminato (nacnac) ligands and cyclic alkyl amino carbenes (CAACs). On the other hand, it is about the reactivity of M(I) (M = Cu, Ga) nacnac compounds towards En (E = P, As) ligand complexes. In the first part, a Cu(I) nacnac compound was reacted with complexes containing aromatic cyclo-En ligands yielding molecular heterometallic complexes. In the next chapters, the reactivity of E4 towards transition metal (Ni, Cu) and main group metal (Al, Ga) complexes stabilized by β-diiminato ligands was investigated. Thereby, a broad variety of different En-structural motifs formed. Moreover, the reactivity of gallium complexes towards unsaturated transition metal units or polypnictogen ligand complexes were investigated, the resulting complexes unite different ligand systems and also different metal types (main group and transition metals). The last chapter is about the reactivity of yellow arsenic towards CAACs. Therefore, different CAACs were reacted with yellow arsenic yielding compounds with Asn units in dependence of the substituents. Moreover, the different reaction outcome and structural difference of the reactions with white phosphorus, yellow arsenic and the interpnictogen compound AsP3 was investigated

Reactivity of E4_4 (E4_4 =P4_4 , As4_4 , AsP3_3) towards Low‐Valent Al(I) and Ga(I) Compounds

The reactivity of yellow arsenic and the interpnictogen compound AsP$_3$ towards low-valent group 13 compounds was investigated. The reactions of [LAl] (1, L=[{N(C$_6$H$_3$$^i$Pr$_2$-2,6)C(Me)}$_2$CH]−) with As$_4$ and AsP$_3$ lead to [(LAl)$_2$(μ,η$^{1:1:1:1}$-E$_4$)] (E$_4$=As$_4$ (3 b), AsP$_3$ (3 c)) by insertion of two fragments [LAl] into two of the six E−E edges of the E$_4$ tetrahedra. Furthermore, the reaction of [LGa] (2) with E$_4$ afforded [LGa(η$^{1:1}$-E$_4$)] (E$_4$=As$_4$ (4 b), AsP$_3$ (4 c)). In these compounds, only one E−E bond of the E$_4$ tetrahedra was cleaved. These compounds represent the first examples of the conversion of yellow arsenic and AsP$_3$, respectively, with group 13 compounds. Furthermore, the reactivity of the gallium complexes towards unsaturated transition metal units or polypnictogen (E$_n$) ligand complexes was investigated. This leads to the heterobimetallic compounds [(LGa)(μ,η$^{2:1:1}$-P$_4$)(LNi)] (5 a), [(Cp’’’Co)(μ,η$^{4:1:1}$-E$_4$)(LGa)] (E=P (6 a), As (6 b), Cp’’’=η$^5$-C$_5$H$_2$$^t$Bu$_3$) and [(Cp’’’Ni)(η$^{3:1:1}$-E$_3$)(LGa)] (E=P (7 a), As (7 b)), which combine two different ligand systems in one complex (nacnac and Cp) as well as two different types of metals (main group and transition metals). The products were characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods

Reactivity of E ₄ (E ₄ =P ₄ , As ₄ , AsP ₃ ) towards Low‐Valent Al(I) and Ga(I) Compounds

The reactivity of yellow arsenic and the interpnictogen compound AsP3 towards low-valent group 13 compounds was investigated. The reactions of [LAl] (1, L=[{N(C6H3iPr2-2,6)C(Me)}2CH]−) with As4 and AsP3 lead to [(LAl)2(μ,η1:1:1:1-E4)] (E4=As4 (3 b), AsP3 (3 c)) by insertion of two fragments [LAl] into two of the six E−E edges of the E4 tetrahedra. Furthermore, the reaction of [LGa] (2) with E4 afforded [LGa(η1:1-E4)] (E4=As4 (4 b), AsP3 (4 c)). In these compounds, only one E−E bond of the E4 tetrahedra was cleaved. These compounds represent the first examples of the conversion of yellow arsenic and AsP3, respectively, with group 13 compounds. Furthermore, the reactivity of the gallium complexes towards unsaturated transition metal units or polypnictogen (En) ligand complexes was investigated. This leads to the heterobimetallic compounds [(LGa)(μ,η2:1:1-P4)(LNi)] (5 a), [(Cp’’’Co)(μ,η4:1:1-E4)(LGa)] (E=P (6 a), As (6 b), Cp’’’=η5-C5H2tBu3) and [(Cp’’’Ni)(η3:1:1-E3)(LGa)] (E=P (7 a), As (7 b)), which combine two different ligand systems in one complex (nacnac and Cp) as well as two different types of metals (main group and transition metals). The products were characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods

Reactivity of Yellow Arsenic towards Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbenes (CAACs)

Different cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) were reacted with yellow arsenic. Several products [(CAAC-n)2(μ,η1:1-As2)] (n=1 (1), 4 (2)), [(CAAC-2)3(μ3,η1:1:1-As4)] (3) and [(CAAC-3)4(μ4,η1:1:1:1- As8)] (6) were isolated due to the differing steric properties of CAAC-1-4. The products contain As2, As4 or As8 units and represent the first examples of CAACs-substituted products of yellow arsenic. The reactivity of As4 was compared with the reactivities of P4 and the interpnictogen compound AsP3, which led to a series of phosphorus-containing derivatives such as ([(CAAC-3)3(μ3,η1:1:1-P4)] (4) and [(CAAC-3)4(μ4,η1:1:1:1-P8)] (7)) and [(CAAC-3)3(μ3,η1:1:1-AsP3)] (5). The products were characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods and DFT computations were performed to clarify their formation pathway

Binding, Release and Functionalization of Intact Pnictogen Tetrahedra Coordinated to Dicopper Complexes

The bridging MeCN ligand in the dicopper(I) complexes [(DPFN)Cu2(μ,η1 : η1-MeCN)][X]2 (X=weakly coordinating anion, NTf2 (1 a), FAl[OC6F10(C6F5)]3 (1 b), Al[OC(CF3)3]4 (1 c)) was replaced by white phosphorus (P4) or yellow arsenic (As4) to yield [(DPFN)Cu2(μ,η2 : η2-E4)][X]2 (E=P (2 a–c), As (3 a–c)). The molecular structures in the solid state reveal novel coordination modes for E4 tetrahedra bonded to coinage metal ions. Experimental data and quantum chemical computations provide information concerning perturbations to the bonding in coordinated E4 tetrahedra. Reactions with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) led to replacement of the E4 tetrahedra with release of P4 or As4 and formation of [(DPFN)Cu2(μ,η1 : η1-MeNHC)][X]2 (4 a,b) or to an opening of one E−E bond leading to an unusual E4 butterfly structural motif in [(DPFN)Cu2(μ,η1 : η1-E4DippNHC)][X]2 (E=P (5 a,b), E=As (6)). With a cyclic alkyl amino carbene (EtCAAC), cleavage of two As−As bonds was observed to give two isomers of [(DPFN)Cu2(μ,η2 : η2-As4EtCAAC)][X]2 (7 a,b) with an unusual As4-triangle+1 unit