Low-temperature structural transition in FeCr_2S_4

Transmission electron microscopy studies of [110] and [111] oriented FeCr_2S_4 single crystals at different temperatures reveal a structural transition at low temperatures indicating a cubic-to-triclinic symmetry reduction within crystallographic domains. The overall crystal symmetry was found to be reduced from Fd3m to F-43m. The triclinic distortions were suggested to result from the combined actions of tetragonal distortions due to the Jahn-Teller active Fe^2+ ions and trigonal distortions due to a displacement of the Cr^3+ ions in the direction.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figure

Formulating a Strategy for Securing High-Speed Rail in the United States, Research Report 12-03

This report presents an analysis of information relating to attacks, attempted attacks, and plots against high-speed rail (HSR) systems. It draws upon empirical data from MTI’s Database of Terrorist and Serious Criminal Attacks Against Public Surface Transportation and from reviews of selected HSR systems, including onsite observations. The report also examines the history of safety accidents and other HSR incidents that resulted in fatalities, injuries, or extensive asset damage to examine the inherent vulnerabilities (and strengths) of HSR systems and how these might affect the consequences of terrorist attacks. The study is divided into three parts: (1) an examination of security principles and measures; (2) an empirical examination of 33 attacks against HSR targets and a comparison of attacks against HSR targets with those against non-HSR targets; and (3) an examination of 73 safety incidents on 12 HRS systems. The purpose of this study is to develop an overall strategy for HSR security and to identify measures that could be applied to HSR systems currently under development in the United States. It is hoped that the report will provide useful guidance to both governmental authorities and transportation operators of current and future HSR systems

The use of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict GABA-A receptor binding of newly emerging benzodiazepines

The illicit market for new psychoactive substances is forever expanding. Benzodiazepines and their derivatives are one of a number of groups of these substances and thus far their number has grown year upon year. For both forensic and clinical purposes it is important to be able to rapidly understand these emerging substances. However as a consequence of the illicit nature of these compounds, there is a deficiency in the pharmacological data available for these ‘new’ benzodiazepines. In order to further understand the pharmacology of ‘new’ benzodiazepines we utilised a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach. A set of 69 benzodiazepine-based compounds was analysed to develop a QSAR training set with respect to published binding values to GABAA receptors. The QSAR model returned an R2 value of 0.90. The most influential factors were found to be the positioning of two H-bond acceptors, two aromatic rings and a hydrophobic group. A test set of nine random compounds was then selected for internal validation to determine the predictive ability of the model and gave an R2 value of 0.86 when comparing the binding values with their experimental data. The QSAR model was then used to predict the binding for 22 benzodiazepines that are classed as new psychoactive substances. This model will allow rapid prediction of the binding activity of emerging benzodiazepines in a rapid and economic way, compared with lengthy and expensive in vitro/in vivo analysis. This will enable forensic chemists and toxicologists to better understand both recently developed compounds and prediction of substances likely to emerge in the future

Gains in life expectancy in the Australian population due to reductions in smoking : comparisons between interventions targeting the population versus interventions in a specific high risk group

Background: Four decades of population-based tobacco control strategies have contributed to substantial reduction in smoking prevalence in Australia. However, smoking prevalence is still double in socially disadvantaged groups compared to those that are not. But not all tobacco control strategies successfully used in the general population is effective in specific high-risk population groups. Hence, an effective way to reduce smoking in high risk population groups may include targeting them specifically to identify and support smokers to quit. In this backdrop, we examined whether tobacco control interventions at the population-level are more effective in increasing life expectancy among Australians compared to interventions targeting a high risk group or a combination of the two when smoking prevalence is reduced to 10 and 0% respectively. Methods: Using the risk percentiles approach, analyses were performed separately for men and women using data from various sources such as the 2014–15 National Health Survey linked to death registry, simulated data for high risk groups, and the Australian population and deaths data from the census. Indigenous status was simulated by preferentially assigning those who are indigenous to lower SES quintiles. The age-sex distribution of mental disorder status was simulated using its distribution from 2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey with 25.9% of mentally ill being assigned to current smoking category and the rest to non-smoking category. The age-sex distribution of prisoners was simulated based on 2014 ABS Prisoners Australia survey with 74% of prisoners being assigned to current smoker category and the rest to non-smoker category. Homelessness status was simulated according to age, sex and indigenous status for 2011 census with all homeless being allocated to the lowest SES category. The age-sex distribution of total cholesterol level was simulated based on 2011–13 Australian Health Survey. Results: The results showed that the combined approach for reducing smoking is most effective for improving life expectancy of Australians particularly for the socially disadvantaged and mentally ill groups both of which have high fraction of smokers in the population. For those who were mentally ill the gain in ALE due to reduction of smoking to 10% was 0.53 years for males and 0.36 years for females which were around 51 and 42% respectively of the maximal gains in ALE that could be achieved through complete cessation. Conclusions: Targeting high-risk population groups having substantial fraction of smokers in the population can strongly complement the existing population-based smoking reduction strategies. As population and high risk approaches are both important, the national prevention policies should make judicious use of both to maximize health gain

Composite vertices that lead to soft form factors

The momentum-space cut-off parameter $\Lambda$ of hadronic vertex functions is studied in this paper. We use a composite model where we can measure the contributions of intermediate particle propagations to $\Lambda$. We show that in many cases a composite vertex function has a much smaller cut-off than its constituent vertices, particularly when light constituents such as pions are present in the intermediate state. This suggests that composite meson-baryon-baryon vertex functions are rather soft, i.e., they have \Lambda considerably less than 1 GeV. We discuss the origin of this softening of form factors as well as the implications of our findings on the modeling of nuclear reactions.Comment: REVTex, 19 pages, 5 figs(to be provided on request

Enhanced gel electrophoresis (GE) and inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) based methods for the identification and separation of proteins and pepides

The main focus of the PhD study was to develop new gel electrophoresis and ICP-MS based methods to analyze a wide variety of the bio-molecules such as proteins, phosphoproteins and metalloproteins etc. The tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (tricine-SDS-PAGE) method is commonly used to resolve low molecular mass proteins, however, it requires a high percentage gel and a very complicated procedure to achieve this separation. This study describes a modification to tricine-SDS-PAGE to make it more effective for the separation of smaller proteins and for coupling to ICP-MS. The modified method employs low percentage PAGE gels and low reagent concentrations that provide efficient separations, good quantitation and low matrix levels that are compatible with ICP-MS. This modified method was applied to analyze phosphopeptides. Phosphopeptides are very small in size and difficult to separate using the other techniques such as Laemmli SDS-PAGE, original tricine-SDS-PAGE, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) etc. In this study a simplified procedure is described based on modifying the original tricine-SDS-PAGE method. A comparative study showed that this modified method successfully resolved a digest mixture of very low to high molecular mass phosphopeptides/peptides. In off-line coupling of this method with ICP-MS, much better recoveries of the peptides from the gel were obtained as compared to traditional methods which indicate the compatibility of this modified method for quantitative studies. An on-line coupling of the modified system with ICP-MS was also demonstrated and it was applied for the separation, detection and quantification of phosphopeptides. Another application of this modified system was the separation of serum proteins. Blood serum contains five major protein groups i.e., albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin. The separation of these five major proteins in a single gel is difficult to achieve using traditional methods. The modified system was shown to be superior for the separation of these serum proteins in a 7% (m/v) native-PAGE gel and a cellulose acetate membrane. A further study was carried out into controlling the factors that cause metal loss and protein fragmentation in SDS-PAGE. Using a reducing sample buffer, and heating to high temperatures (90-100ºC) in alkaline or acidic conditions may cause protein fragmentation and decrease the metal binding affinity. 70ºC was found suitable to prepare the sample at neutral, alkaline or acidic pH as no fragmentation observed. To prevent metal loss, the binding constant (log K) values of metal-amino acids, play the major role. Those metals which have high binding affinities with the amino acids in proteins can also be affected by the variation of the pH so prior information about pH to maintain the binding constant values is essential to minimize metal loss. This was observed in the loss of zinc, and to a lesser extent copper from human serum albumin (HSA) as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method described above was applied for the separation and quantification of the serum proteins obtained from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients (where the AMD patients were from Moorfields Eye Hospital, London). Zn and Cu were quantified employing external calibration. Zn concentration showed variation whilst Cu did not show any significant variations in samples from AMD patients. A brief study of the interaction of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with HSA and transferrin was also performed. Cisplatin bound much faster than oxaliplatin with HSA. After 24 hours incubation, cisplatin showed a decrease in signal intensity which indicates that cisplatin binding decreases with time. Cisplatin binding with transferrin as compared to HSA was not significant, which could be the result of unstable Pt-transferrin complex formation. Oxaliplatin did not show high binding to either protein, perhaps due to the presence of the bulky, non polar DACH ligand

Radio resource management for V2X in cellular systems

The thesis focuses on the provision of cellular vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, which have attracted great interest for 5G due to the potential of improving traffic safety and enabling new services related to intelligent transportation systems. These types of services have strict requirements on reliability, access availability, and end-to-end (E2E) latency. V2X requires advanced network management techniques that must be developed based on the characteristics of the networks and traffic requirements. The integration of the Sidelink (SL), which enables the direct communication between vehicles (i.e., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)) without passing through the base station into cellular networks is a promising solution for enhancing the performance of V2X in cellular systems. In this thesis, we addressed some of the challenges arising from the integration of V2V communication in cellular systems and validated the potential of this technology by providing appropriate resource management solutions. Our main contributions have been in the context of radio access network slicing, mode selection, and radio resource allocation mechanisms. With regard to the first research direction that focuses on the RAN slicing management, a novel strategy based on offline Q-learning and softmax decision-making has been proposed as an enhanced solution to determine the adequate split of resources between a slice for eMBB communications and a slice for V2X. Then, starting from the outcome of the off-line Q-learning algorithm, a low-complexity heuristic strategy has been proposed to achieve further improvements in the use of resources. The proposed solution has been compared against proportional and fixed reference schemes. The extensive performance assessment have revealed the ability of the proposed algorithms to improve network performance compared to the reference schemes, especially in terms of resource utilization, throughput, latency and outage probability. Regarding the second research direction that focuses on the mode selection, two different mode selection solutions referred to as MSSB and MS-RBRS strategies have been proposed for V2V communication over a cellular network. The MSSB strategy decides when it is appropriate to use one or the other mode, i.e. sidelink or cellular, for the involved vehicles, taking into account the quality of the links between V2V users, the available resources, and the network traffic load situation. Moreover, the MS-RBRS strategy not only selects the appropriate mode of operation but also decides efficiently the amount of resources needed by V2V links in each mode and allows reusing RBs between different SL users while guaranteeing the minimum signal to interference requirements. The conducted simulations have revealed that the MS-RBRS and MSSB strategies are beneficial in terms of throughput, radio resource utilization, outage probability and latency under different offered loads comparing to the reference scheme. Last, we have focused on the resource allocation problem including jointly mode selection and radio resource scheduling. For the mode selection, a novel mode selection has been presented to decide when it is appropriate to select sidelink mode and use a distributed approach for radio resource allocation or cellular mode and use a centralized radio resource allocation. It takes into account three aspects: the quality of the links between V2V users, the available resources, and the latency. As for the radio resource allocation, the proposed approach includes a distributed radio resource allocation for sidelink mode and a centralized radio resource allocation for cellular mode. The proposed strategy supports dynamic assignments by allowing transmission over mini-slots. A simulation-based analysis has shown that the proposed strategies improved the network performance in terms of latency of V2V services, packet success rate and resource utilization under different network loads.La tesis se centra en la provisión de comunicaciones para vehículos sistemas celulares (V2X: Vehicle to Everything), que han atraído un gran interés en el contexto de 5G debido a su potencial de mejorar la seguridad del tráfico y habilitar nuevos servicios relacionados con los sistemas inteligentes de transporte. Estos tipos de servicios tienen requisitos estrictos en términos fiabilidad, disponibilidad de acceso y latencia de extremo a extremo (E2E). Para ello, V2X requiere técnicas avanzadas de gestión de red que deben desarrollarse en función de las características de las redes y los requisitos de tráfico. La integración del Sidelink (SL), que permite la comunicación directa entre vehículos (es decir, vehículo a vehículo (V2V)) sin pasar por la estación base de las redes celulares, es una solución prometedora para mejorar el rendimiento de V2X en el sistema celular. En esta tesis, abordamos algunos de los desafíos derivados de la integración de la comunicación V2V en los sistemas celulares y validamos el potencial de esta tecnología al proporcionar soluciones de gestión de recursos adecuadas. Nuestras principales contribuciones han sido en el contexto del denominado "slicing" de redes de acceso radio, la selección de modo y los mecanismos de asignación de recursos radio. Respecto a la primera dirección de investigación que se centra en la gestión del RAN slicing, se ha propuesto una estrategia novedosa basada en Q-learning y toma de decisiones softmax como una solución para determinar la división adecuada de recursos entre un slice para comunicaciones eMBB y un slice para V2X. Luego, a partir del resultado del algoritmo de Q-learning, se ha propuesto una estrategia heurística de baja complejidad para lograr mejoras adicionales en el uso de los recursos. La solución propuesta se ha comparado con esquemas de referencia proporcionales y fijos. La evaluación ha revelado la capacidad de los algoritmos propuestos para mejorar el rendimiento de la red en comparación con los esquemas de referencia, especialmente en términos de utilización de recursos, rendimiento, y latencia . Con respecto a la segunda dirección de investigación que se centra en la selección de modo, se han propuesto dos soluciones de diferentes llamadas estrategias MSSB y MS-RBRS para la comunicación V2V a través de una red celular. La estrategia MSSB decide cuándo es apropiado usar el modo SL o el modo celular, para los vehículos involucrados, teniendo en cuenta la calidad de los enlaces entre los usuarios de V2V, los recursos disponibles y la situación de carga de tráfico de la red. Además, la estrategia MS-RBRS no solo selecciona el modo de operación apropiado, sino que también decide eficientemente la cantidad de recursos que los enlaces V2V necesitan en cada modo, y permite que los RB se reutilicen entre diferentes usuarios de SL al tiempo que garantiza requisitos mínimos de señal a interferencia. Se ha presentado un análisis basado en simulación para evaluar el desempeño de las estrategias propuestas. Finalmente, nos hemos centrado en el problema conjunto de la selección de modo y la asignación de recursos de radio. Para la selección de modo, se ha presentado una nueva estrategia para decidir cuándo es apropiado seleccionar el modo SL y usar un enfoque distribuido para la asignación de recursos de radio o el modo celular y usar la asignación de recursos de radio centralizada. Tiene en cuenta tres aspectos: la calidad de los enlaces entre los usuarios de V2V, los recursos disponibles y la latencia. En términos de asignación de recursos de radio, el enfoque propuesto incluye una asignación de recursos de radio distribuida para el modo SL y una asignación de recursos de radio centralizada para el modo celular. La estrategia propuesta admite asignaciones dinámicas al permitir la transmisión a través de mini-slots. Los resultados muestran las mejoras en términos de latencia, tasa de recepción y la utilización de recursos bajo diferentes cargas de red.Postprint (published version

Age at quitting smoking as a predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease incidence independent of smoking status, time since quitting and pack-years

BACKGROUND Risk prediction for CVD events has been shown to vary according to current smoking status, pack-years smoked over a lifetime, time since quitting and age at quitting. The latter two are closely and inversely related. It is not known whether the age at which one quits smoking is an additional important predictor of CVD events. The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk of CVD events varied according to age at quitting after taking into account current smoking status, lifetime pack-years smoked and time since quitting. FINDINGS We used the Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the risk of developing a first CVD event for a cohort of participants in the Framingham Offspring Heart Study who attended the fourth examination between ages 30 and 74 years and were free of CVD. Those who quit before the median age of 37 years had a risk of CVD incidence similar to those who were never smokers. The incorporation of age at quitting in the smoking variable resulted in better prediction than the model which had a simple current smoker/non-smoker measure and the one that incorporated both time since quitting and pack-years. These models demonstrated good discrimination, calibration and global fit. The risk among those quitting more than 5 years prior to the baseline exam and those whose age at quitting was prior to 44 years was similar to the risk among never smokers. However, the risk among those quitting less than 5 years prior to the baseline exam and those who continued to smoke until 44 years of age (or beyond) was two and a half times higher than that of never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Age at quitting improves the prediction of risk of CVD incidence even after other smoking measures are taken into account. The clinical benefit of adding age at quitting to the model with other smoking measures may be greater than the associated costs. Thus, age at quitting should be considered in addition to smoking status, time since quitting and pack-years when counselling individuals about their cardiovascular risk.This research was supported by an NHMRC health services research grant (no. 465130), an NHMRC/NHF PhD scholarship and a Vichealth Fellowship

Exploring the likely effect of the introduction of drug eluting stents on requirements for coronary artery revascularisation procedures in Western Australia: a use of the CHD/CARP Markov Simulation Model

Background: Coronary artery revascularisation procedures (CARPs) include coronary artery bypass graft procedures (CABGs) and the less invasive percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) and they are common surgical interventions for coronary heart disease (CHD). The effectiveness of PCIs increased when stents were introduced and there was also a shift towards doing more PCIs and less CABGs, especially in older patients. More recently, PCIs have been further improved by the use of drug-eluting-stents (DES). In this study we used a recently developed CHD/CARP Markov model to explore the likely effect on CARP requirements due to the introduction of DES. Methods: This is achieved by considering the population of Western Australia aged 35 to 79 years at the beginning of 2001 (grouped according to history of CHD and CARPs) as the cohort, calculating the mean population risks for CHD/CARP events over three years 1998 to 2000, and using these population risks and certain modifications of them that incorporate the likely effect of the introduction of DES (in 2002) in the CHD/CARP Markov model to explore difference in total requirements for CABGs and PCIs over the period 2001 to 2010. The anticipated likely effect of DES on probabilities of CARP procedures was based on results of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing DES stents to ordinary stents and an anticipated further reduction in CABGs and increase in PCIs as was observed when (ordinary) stents were introduced. Results: The simulation results suggest that, over the period 2001 to 2010, the total number of CABGs will decline by up to 19% and the total number of PCIs will increase by up to 6%. Conclusion: The introduction of DES will have greater effect on the requirement of CABGs as compared to that on PCIs