K nízké sňatečnosti v České republice

V 90. letech 20. století začala v České republice dramatickým způsobem klesat prvosňatečnost. Mladí lidé spolu stále častěji žijí nesezdaně, a pokud do manželství vstupují, pak sňatek odkládají do stále vyššího věku. V našem článku analyzujeme, jaké důvody vedou mladé lidi k takovému chování. Testujeme především, zdali i v Česku platí hypotéza Hoffmann-Nowotnyho, podle které je nízká sňatečnost ovlivněna nízkou mírou porodnosti. Naše analýzy jsou založeny na dvou rozsáhlých reprezentativních šetřeních české populace z roku 2005, která poskytují informace o tom, jakým způsobem mladí lidé vnímají trend klesající sňatečnosti, v jakých typech soužití žijí, jak hodnotí různé formy soužití a které z nich považují za ideální ve své aktuální životní situaci. Výsledky našeho výzkumu ukazují, že v současné mladé české populaci jsou pro formu vztahu mezi mužem a ženou rozhodující především úvahy rodinné. Pokud mladí muži a mladé ženy již myslí na děti, spojují je se svazkem potvrzeným sňatkem. Pokud na rodinu zatím nemyslí, představa manželství je jim vzdálena. Určitou výjimkou, jak prokázala naše výzkumná data, jsou ovšem ti, kteří již mají dítě, ale nejsou sezdáni. U nich je preference nesezdaného soužití s dítětem/dětmi relativně vysoká.In the nineteen-nineties, the rate of first marriages started to drop dramatically in the Czech Republic. A growing number of young people now live in unmarried cohabitation and if they ever decide to marry then they tend to do so at a later age. Our article is intended to suggest an insight into reasons behind such behaviour on the part of young people. Our particular focus here is to test whether it is possible to make a case in the Czech Republic based on the Hoffmann-Nowotny hypothesis, which claims that a low first marriage rate is driven by a low fertility rate. Our analyses are derived from two large representative surveys carried out in the Czech population in 2005 that provide us with information on how young people see the dropping marriage rate trends, what types of living arrangements they live in, how they judge the different types of living arrangements, and which living arrangements they see as the best fit for their specific circumstances. The results of our analyses show that family plans are central to young people preferred types of living arrangements. Whenever young men and women start making plans to start a family, there tends to be a marriage plan in the picture. When the idea of a family is still distant for a couple, marriage seems unattractive too. Our research efforts show one exception, namely those people who already have a child and remain unmarried. They show a rather high preference for an unmarried cohabitation with children

Negotiating Access to Assisted Reproduction Technologies in a Post-Socialist Heteronormative Context

This article centres on the impact of heteronormativity on the ways in which parental desires, intentions and practices of lesbian, gay, or trans people in Czechia are subjected to barriers. It explores heteronormativity by analysing how access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for non-straight couples (including single women) has been negotiated. We discuss discrimination against, and the statistical marginalisation of, homoparental families; the fact that same-sex Czech couples are not yet allowed to marry and that instead a new legal institution, the civil union, was introduced exclusively for them, explicitly prohibiting them from forming parental couples; the political disregard of the step-child adoption amendment to the Act on Civil Unions; and the obligation of irreversible surgical elimination of one’s reproductive function before the authorisation of administrative gender change for trans people. We argue that heteronormativity also structures the practices of assisted reproduction clinics that allow lesbian couples access to assisted reproduction procedures, but only as part of mock straight couples. Transgender persons are only allowed to be parents if the assisted reproduction clinic can define them, at any given moment, in line with the binary heterosexual framework. Drawing on changing Czech legislative frameworks we note several changes which aim at reducing discrimination against LGBTQ people: the lifting of the ban on adoption by a person in a civil union; a legislative proposal from 2018 on gender-neutral marriage that includes full parental rights; and a bill proposal that includes a package of amendments to several laws aiming to allowing administrative gender change without the requirement of the removal of reproductive organs. Nevertheless, when investigated with the help of framing analysis, debates on expanding access to assisted reproduction beyond straight couples show certain contradictions: the framings used allow for non-straight people’s access to ART, but at the same time they reproduce gender stereotypes, in which femininity is primarily associated with motherhood and (women’s) reproductive function is to serve the state’s demographic goals. Although these framings question some existing injustices, they confirm rather than contest the basic presumptions of heteronormativity, and they leave queer and trans reproduction invisible

Randomness vs. fuzziness in managerial decision-making

Managers often deal with uncertainty of a different nature in their decision processes. They can encounter uncertainty in terms of randomness or fuzziness (i.e., mist, obscurity, inaccuracy or vagueness). In the first case (randomness), it can be described, for example, by probability distribution, in the second case (fuzziness) it cannot be characterized in such a way. The methodological part of the paper presents basic tools for dealing with the uncertainty of both of these types, which are techniques of probability theory and fuzzy approach technique. The original contribution of the theoretical part is the interpretation of these different techniques based on the existence of fundamental analogies between them. These techniques are then applied to the problem of the project valuation with its “internal” value. In the first case, the solution is the point value of the statistical E[PV], in the second case the triangular fuzzy number of the subjective E[PV]. The comparison of the results of both techniques shows that the fuzzy approach extends the standard outcome of a series useful information. This informative “superstructure” of the fuzzy approach compared to the standard solution is another original benefit of the paper

Anthology of Soviet Prison and Labour Camp Literature in Czech Renderings

Diplomová práce se zabývá kontrastivní analýzou překladů sovětských lágrových próz vydaných formou antologie pod českým názvem Jen jeden osud vydanou v roce 2009. Cílem práce je zjistit adekvátnost použitých překladatelských metod a koncepcí u vybraných vzpomínek. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části. První část je věnovaná zevrubné analýze originálu a překladu. Zkoumá, které útvary jsou součástí ruského sborníku Доднесь тяготеет (Dodnes' tjagotejet), jejich žánrovou variabilitu a časový rámec textů. Dále je analyzováno, jak se tato kritéria promítla do českého vydání. V druhé části se práce zaměřuje na kontrastivní analýzu dvou vybraných vzpomínek od Jekatěriny Olické Na Kolymě (На Колыме) а Jurije Fidelgolce Zvůle (Беспредел). Analýza se zaměřuje především na jednotlivé kategorie vězňů, tj. rozdělení na politické a nepolitické a dále na podkategorie v kolektivu nepolitických vězňů. Důležitou částí rozboru byl také autorův styl a jeho převedení do cílového jazyka.The thesis focuses on contrastive analysis of Soviet prison and labour camp literature published in anthology Jen jeden osud. The Czech version of this compilation was translated in 2009. The main task is to explore the adequacy of employed methods and approaches in translation. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part is focused on detailed analysis of original anthology and its translation to Czech. It explores types of memoirs containing the Russian anthology Доднесь тяготеет (Dodnes tyagoteyet (2004)), its variability of literary genres and its time radius. Then it analyses, how these criteria are reflected in the Czech version of anthology. The second part is focused on contrastive analysis of two selected memoirs from Yekaterina Olitskaya На Колыме (Na Kolyme) and Yuriy Fidelgolts Беспредел (Bespredel). Analysis focuses mainly on different category of prisoners, i.e. division on political and criminal prisoners and different classes of criminal prisoners. The important part was dedicated to the analysis of the author's style and its reflection into the target language.Institute of Translation StudiesÚstav translatologieFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Slovak Text Studies and Editing in the Second Half of the 20th Century

The goal of the article was to at least partly systematize the knowledge gained by Slovak text studies as a generalizing work in this field does not exist in our country. The ideas built on the scientific articles within text studies written in the second half of the 20th century. The beginning of Slovak text studies in the 1950s is represented by the works by Jozef Felix, Karol Rosenbaum and Mikuláš Bakoš. Later studies by Nora Krausová, František Miko and Peter Zajac form the next stage of its development and with regard to the future seem to be trend-stting. The mutual interconnections of the contents of the articles form the original basis of Slovak text studies as they individually deal with the subject in question. Owing to their communicative and inspiring nature, the summary can be considered a good starting point for an effective exploitation of their potential. Based on the study of the texts used at the birth of Slovak text studies it can be concluded that the most serious practical problems are related to the way texts are edited and the choice of the basic text. Using the texts written by younger authors the scientific character of text studies was demonstrated as well as how they are bound with literary theory and why they are important for the correct understanding of literary texts. In attempt of scientifying text studies the relation between theoretical reflection and practical activity was given consideration. It was noted that there is the need to solve partial problems by understanding their roots correctly. The summary and assessment of Slovak text studies in the article map their most important topics and debatable issues, relate the results of the research by the literary scientists engaged in this field and draw attention to their various approaches. They also raise questions about the direction of Slovak text studies in the future

Balancing school autonomy and head teachers’ accountability for schools in Slovakia

The paper presents an analysis of the changes which have been introduced into the legislation on education in Slovakia. The paper, in its first part, presents an analysis of the transformation process which the system of education in Slovakia has undergone during the period of the last three decades. Within this process a great number of responsibilities have passed from the central authorities to local municipalities and individual schools. The changed conditions and the increased autonomy of schools meant that schools had to face new tasks and challenges. The new demands required new professional competences and calls for the professionalization of school leaders became part of a wider movement for school reforms. How the professional development of the school leaders is currently solved in Slovakia, what kind of education primary and secondary school head teachers are obliged to undergo, who are the main providers of this education, how it is provided, and how it is structured as to its content are described in the second part of the paper. The last part of the paper presents main results of research aimed at an evaluation of the scope of autonomy given to schools and powers given to head teachers from the point of view of an optimal amount of this autonomy in relation to actual needs and requirements of the head teachers.Collection name: “PEDAGOGICAL THEORY AND PRACTICE” 4

Parenting Intentions and Pathways to Parenthood Among Gays and Lesbians

Through a qualitative analysis of interviews with 52 men and women with non-heterosexual identities, the article deepens the understanding of parental intentions and the formation of pathways to gay and lesbian parenting in the Czech Republic. The article explains the reduced parental intentions and postponement of gay and lesbian parenting in the contexts of heteronormative, biologizing and gendered discourses of parenthood and the lack of legislative recognition of homoparental families in Czechia. The analysis also sheds light on the various choices of gay and lesbian pathways to parenthood in conditions that severely limit their parenting options.Through a qualitative analysis of interviews with 52 men and women with non-heterosexual identities, the article deepens the understanding of parental intentions and the formation of pathways to gay and lesbian parenting in the Czech Republic. The article explains the reduced parental intentions and postponement of gay and lesbian parenting in the contexts of heteronormative, biologizing and gendered discourses of parenthood and the lack of legislative recognition of homoparental families in Czechia. The analysis also sheds light on the various choices of gay and lesbian pathways to parenthood in conditions that severely limit their parenting options

Spanish adverbs in -mente and their Czech equivalents

The aim of this paper is to introduce Spanish adverbs in -mente and different ways of its translation to Czech. These adverbs are very productive in Spanish. The theoretical part of my thesis consists of their general description and definition of the basic terms. It also presents a general typology of Spanish adverbs (in confrontation with the typology of Czech adverbs) and analyses the origin, history, and current use of adverbs in -mente. Special attention is paid to the restriction of formation of these adverbs. The practical part contains three studies. The objective of the first analysis, for which the corpus Araneum Hispanicum Maius is used, is to show the productivity of the adverbs analysed and to verify come claims about their attributes. The other two studies focus on the ways in which adverbs denoting colour are translated from Czech to Spanish and then frequent adverbs in -mente from Spanish to Czech. The InterCorp corpus is used for these two studies.Cílem této práce je blíže představit španělská adverbia se sufixem -mente a způsoby překladu do češtiny. Tato adverbia jsou ve španělštině velmi produktivní. Teoretická část práce obsahuje jejich obecný popis a definuje základní termíny. Předkládá též obecnou typologii španělských adverbií (v konfrontaci s typologií adverbií českých) a analyzuje původ, historii a současné užívání adverbií se sufixem -mente. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována restrikcím tvoření těchto adverbií. Praktická část obsahuje tři případové studií. Cílem první analýzy, ke které je použit korpus Hispanicum Araneum Maius, je ukázat produktivitu analyzovaných příslovcí a ověřit některá tradovaná tvrzení o jejich vlastnostech. Zbylé dvě případové studie jsou zaměřeny na způsoby překladu nejprve adverbií označujících barvu z češtiny do španělštiny a poté frekventovaných adverbií ze španělštiny do češtiny. Pro potřeby těchto analýz je použit korpus InterCorp.Institute of Romance StudiesÚstav románských studiíFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art