Improduktivitetsstudie vid lastning av bilfartyg - En studie av Lean-teorins möjlighet att reducera slöseri

This study is conducted in cooperation with Logent Ports & Terminals Gothenburg and focuses on the unproductive time arising in connection with the loading of car carrier vessels. The study is intended to enable greater productivity in production by studying waste. The study is rooted in the Japanese production theory, Lean production, which aims to reduce all non-value-added operations. The study focuses on the improvements that can be made in the process of loading the cars. The study objective was to locate unproductive sequences and measure these, study the time required for the tally process and to discuss applicable tools within Lean on the loading process. The methodology for the report has been to study the theory of Lean production and all process-enhancing tools that the theory concludes. Information on how the terminal operates in conjunction with a loading sequence and the dividing of the car-crews are explained in the report. The workflow is described and then studied along with the loading procedure, where the main factors that contributed to the unproductive time were located. Measurements were executed on the time it takes for the cars to be stowed onboard and the time of the tally procedure. The measurements were pasted using a statistical tool where the results, afterwards were interpreted and analyzed. In the results and the discussion section all the measured results are presented together with an interpretation and analysis of them. The results of the measurements clearly showed that the parking time contributes to unproductive time, and that there are measures that can improve production efficiency. This section also concludes a discussion of whether it is possible to apply any of the tools in the Lean theory at an actual loading sequence. Possibilities for future solutions are discussed to create a better flow and reduce unproductive time

Avaliação nutricional e do perfil lipídico em crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência

INTRODUCTION: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year. METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals were studied, of these, 16 were healthy. After 12 months follow-up, HIV-positive individuals remained below the healthy control group parameters. No change was observed concerning food intake. Triglyceride serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor at the onset of the study [PI groups: 114 (43 - 336), and 136 (63 - 271) versus control group: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], but after twelve months follow-up, only the group using protease inhibitor for up to two months presented higher values [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-cholesterol was lower in HIV-positive individuals [HIV-positive groups: 36 (27 - 58) and 36 (23 - 43); control 49.5 (34 - 69); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy showed compromised nutritional parameters compared to a paired healthy control group. Individuals using protease inhibitor presented worse triglyceride serum levels compared to their healthy counterparts.INTRODUÇÃO: Crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV e tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência (TAAP), que inclui inibidor de protease (IP) podem apresentar significante melhora clínica no estado nutricional e na qualidade de vida. O objetivo é relatar as alterações nutricionais e metabólicas em pacientes pediátricos expostos a TAAP e controles saudáveis durante 1 ano. MÉTODOS: O perfil clínico, antropométrico e lipídico, bem como dados da ingestão alimentar foram coletados prospectivamente durante aproximadamente 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um indivíduos foram estudados. Dezesseis eram saudáveis. Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, indivíduos HIV-positivo permaneceram abaixo dos parâmetros do grupo controle saudável. Nenhuma mudança foi observada em relação à ingestão alimentar. Níveis séricos de triglicerídeos foram maiores em pacientes usando inibidor de protease no começo do estudo [IP grupo: 114 (43 - 336), e 136 (63 - 271) versus grupo controle: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], porém após doze meses de acompanhamento, apenas o grupo que recebeu inibidor de protease por não mais do que dois meses apresentou maiores valores [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-colesterol foi menor nos indivíduos HIV-positivos [grupo HIV-positivo: 36 (27 - 58) e 36 (23 - 43); controle 49.5 (34 - 69); p=0.004]. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV e tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência tiveram seus parâmetros nutricionais comprometidos quando comparados com o pareado grupo controle. Indivíduos usando inibidor de protease apresentaram piores níveis séricos de triglicerídeos quando comparados com os saudáveis.UNESCOMinistério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde - Departamento de DST/AIDS e Hepatites ViraisUnidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológic

Nutritional status and lipid profile of HIV-positive children and adolescents using antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE: To describe nutritional status, body composition and lipid profile in children and adolescents receiving protease inhibitors. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients, 23 treated with protease inhibitors (group 1) and 36 not using protease inhibitors (group 2). Their dietary intake, anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis and lipid profile variables were measured. RESULTS: There was no difference in nutritional status or body composition between groups at the beginning of the study. After 6 months of follow-up, there was an increase in weight and height in both groups, as well as in waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. In group 2, body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness adequacy were significantly higher after 6 months of follow-up. The groups had similar energy and macronutrient intake at any time point. After 6 months, group 1 had a higher cholesterol intake and group 2 had a higher fiber intake. Triglyceride serum levels were significantly different between the groups, with higher values in G1, at any time point [G1: 153 mg/dl (30-344); 138 (58-378) versus G2: 76 mg/dl (29-378); 76 (29-378)]. After 6 months of follow-up, G1 had higher LDL-cholesterol than G2 [104 mg/dl (40-142) versus 82 (42-145)]. CONCLUSION: The use of protease inhibitors, per se, does not seem to significantly interfere with anthropometric measures, body composition and food intake of HIV-infected children and adolescents. However, this antiretroviral therapy was associated with a significant increase in triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol in our subjects

Animal rights Rhetoric : A comparative analysis of argumentation strategies in texts from two animal rights organizations

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka två svenska djurrättsorganisationers argumentation mot konsumtion av animaliska produkter. Materialet utgörs av 6 texter från Djurens Rätt och Djurrättsalliansen. Texterna handlar om tre olika djurslag: grisar, kycklingar och fiskar. Frågor som ställs är vilka språkliga argumentationsstrategier organisationerna använder sig av, vilka likheter och skillnader som finns i deras argumentation och om argumentationen skiljer sig åt beroende på vilka djur texterna handlar om. Argumentationsteori efter bland andra Björnsson m.fl. (2009) används som teoretiskt och metodiskt ramverk för studien. Analysen fokuserar på 5 språkliga strategier som används för att legitimera varför animalisk konsumtion ses som fel: orsaks- och konsekvensargument, exempelargument, auktoritetsargument, analogiargument och regelargument. Resultatet visar att det finns både likheter och skillnader i de båda organisationernas sätt att språkligt argumentera mot konsumtion av animaliska produkter. En likhet mellan organisationerna är att ingen av dem explicit skriver ut att det är fel att konsumera djur; denna övergripande tes tas för givet. Djurens Rätt använder främst exempelargument för att legitimera varför det är fel att konsumera djur, medan Djurrättsalliansen i högre utsträckning använder sig av analogiargument, exempelvis jämförelser mellan djur och människor. Det märks också skillnad i hur argumentationen utformas beroende på vilka djurarter texterna handlar om, exempelvis innehåller båda organisationernas texter om fiskar färre känsloladdade analogiargument än texterna om landlevande djur som grisar och kycklingar

Sambandet mellan socialt stöd och känsla av sammanhang hos svenska och japanska studenter

Tidigare forskning har visat samband mellan socialt stöd och graden av känsla av sammanhang (KASAM), samt att upplevelsen av socialt stöd och hälsa kan skilja sig mellan olika kulturella kontexter. Syftet var att undersöka kulturella skillnader, mellan en individualistisk och kollektivistisk kultur, i sambandet mellan socialt stöd och graden av KASAM. I enkätundersökningen deltog 95 svenska och 92 japanska studenter. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett positivt samband mellan socialt stöd och graden av KASAM. Vidare hade svenska studenter med högt socialt stöd högre grad av KASAM än japanska studenter med högt socialt stöd. Undersökningen visade även att det fanns könsskillnader. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån de skillnader som hittats mellan svenska och japanska studenter

Mobilisering nedifrån, integrering ovanifrån? En studie av kvinnoorganisationernas grad av genomslag i policyprocessen kring en samlad diskrimineringslag

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka i vilken grad den norska kvinnorörelsens organisationer kunde få genomslag i policyprocessen kring en samlad diskrimineringslag. Med utgångspunkt i det statsfeministiska teoretiska perspektivet och förklaringsfaktorer från intresseorganisationslitteraturen, har jag undersökt detta genom att se på faktorer knutna till den institutionella kontexten, organisationernas egenskaper och egenskaper hos policyprocessen i fråga. I uppsatsen undersöker jag kvinnoorganisationernas grad av genomslag i policyprocessen utefter två aspekter: huruvida kvinnoorganisationernas grad av genomslag varierade mellan policyprocessens olika delar, och huruvida grad av genomslag varierade kvinnoorganisationerna sinsemellan. Bedömandet av organisationernas grad av genomslag gjordes genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med inslag av preferensöverensstämmelse-metoden [preference attainment approach] och idéanalys. Resultaten av denna studie pekar i riktning mot att kvinnoorganisationernas grad av genomslag i policyprocessen kring en samlad diskrimineringslag påverkas av faktorer knutna till den institutionella kontexten, så som regeringarnas politiska orientering och de politiska möjlighetsstrukturerna. Dessutom visade det sig att inflytelserika koalitionspartners i form av fackföreningar i högsta grad påverkade i vilken grad kvinnoorganisationerna kunde få genomslag i policyprocessen. När det gäller egenskaper hos kvinnoorganisationerna själva, var inte resultaten lika entydiga, men klart är att ekonomiska resurser är avgörande för i vilken grad man har möjligheten att ha fast anställda, som i sin tur kan sätta sig in i temat för policyprocessen i fråga och bidra med juridisk expertis. Även resurser som demokratisk och historisk legitimitet kan tänkas bidra till att kvinnoorganisationer kan få genomslag hos beslutsfattarna. Samspelet mellan kvinnoorganisationerna och beslutsfattarna påverkas också av aspekter som kan knytas till teorin om att detta samspel på senare år kan sägas präglas av marknadsfeminism snarare än statsfeminism – vilket fört med sig både möjligheter och utmaningar för kvinnoorganisationernas möjligheter att få genomslag för sina idéer och åsikter i policyprocessen som studeras och i politikutformningen i allmänhet

Protease inhibitor use, lipid profile and nutritional changes in human immunodeficiency virus infected children and adolescents (HIV-1)

Introdução e Objetivo: A proporção de mortes por Aids no Brasil, reduziu de forma significante, após a introdução da terapia antiretroviral de alta potência (HAART). Concomitante aos avanços no tratamento da Aids, foi identificado nos indivíduos adultos infectados pelo HIV, alterações morfológicas causadas pela exposição ao HAART como a lipodistrofia, caracterizada pela redistribuição da gordura corporal, ocorrendo também hiperlipidemia. A terapia HAART é composta por três ou mais antiretrovirais (ARV), sendo o inibidor de protease (IP) frequentemente associado à lipodistrofia. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos clínicos no Brasil, sobre a associação do uso de IP com a síndrome da lipodistrofia, e seu impacto no estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes, como existe em adultos. Dessa forma o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever e comparar as alterações do lipidograma e do estado nutricional em crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV-1 e em crianças e adolescentes HIV- negativo. Metodologia e Resultados: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal no qual foram feitas avaliações antropométricas, de composição corporal, de ingestão alimentar e do lipidograma em 35 crianças e adolescentes, infectados pelo HIV-1 divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) pacientes que não utilizam IP; Grupo 2 (G2) pacientes em uso de IP a mais de dois meses e Grupo 3 (G3) pacientes em uso de IP por um tempo menor ou igual a dois meses e em 16 crianças e adolescentes HIV - negativo, grupo 4 (G4), que foram avaliadas em dois momentos início do estudo (M0) e após doze meses de acompanhamento (M2) e comparadas entre si. Crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV em uso de IP (G2 e G3), apresentaram maiores níveis de triglicérides quando comparados ao grupo 4, no momento M0 (p=0,003) e no momento M2 (p=0,004). Os níveis de HDL - colesterol apresentaram-se menores para os grupos 1 e 3 quando comparados ao grupo 4, no momento M2 (p=0,004). Após doze meses de acompanhamento, o grupo 2 apresentou os resultados mais baixos com relação aos parâmetros antropométricos e o grupo 4 os maiores, quando comparados aos grupos 1 e 3. Os grupos 2 e 3 apresentaram pior índice estatura/idade e peso/estatura quando comparadas ao G1. O consumo de energia e macronutrientes foram similares entre os grupos. Na análise longitudinal não se observou nenhuma mudança no perfil lipídico para todos os grupos (p > 0.05), exceto um aumento no HDL - colesterol para o grupo 4. Após doze meses de acompanhamento todos os grupos apresentaram melhora no estado nutricional, com aumento de massa corporal magra e gorda. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV-1 apresentaram evolução nutricional deficiente quando comparadas ao grupo controle apesar de apresentarem similar ingestão alimentar. Crianças e adolescentes em uso de IP apresentaram maiores níveis de triglicérides, além de uma pior adequação das pregas cutâneas e da circunferência muscular do braço, evidenciando uma provável redistribuição de gordura corporal e o estado clínico/nutricional crítico que esses pacientes se encontravam. Crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV que não fazem uso de IP apresentaram uma eminente dislipidemia com diminuição estatística do HDL - colesterol.Background and Objective: The proportion of Aids deaths in Brazil, decreased significantly after the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) introduction. With advanced Aids treatment, unexpected morphological changes caused by HAART exposition were identified an HIV/Aids adults. It has been called Lipodystrophy Syndrome and is characterized by fat redistribution and hyperlipidemia. The HAART therapy consists of three or more anti retroviral agents and the protease inhibitor (PI) is frequently associated with lipodystrophy in adults. However few data exist in Brazil, about lipodystrophy syndrome and its association with PI -containing antiretroviral therapy, and the impact on nutritional status among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the nutritional and lipid profile alterations in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents and in HIV - negative children and adolescents. Methods and Results: This is a prospective longitudinal cohort study which anthropometric, body composition measurements, usual dietary intake and lipid profile were assessed in 35 HIV-1 infected children and adolescents, divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (G1) patients who do not use IP; Group 2 (G2) patients using IP for more than two months and Group 3 (G3) patients using IP for a time less than or equal to two months and in 16 HIV - negative children and adolescents. They were evaluated at two moments in the beginning of the study (M0) and after twelve months of follow up (M2) and were compared. Triglycerides serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor (G2 and G3) when compared to group 4, in the M0 moment (p=0,003) and in the M2 moment (p= 0,004). HDL cholesterol serum levels were lower in group 1 and 3), as compared to group 4, in the M2 moment (p=0,004). After twelve months of follow up, group 2 had the worst values for almost all the anthropometric parameters and group 4 had the best ones comparing to group 1 and 3. HIV - positive children and adolescents using PI showed worst height/age and weight/height ratio compared to patients that were not using PI (group 1). The energy and macronutrients intake were similar among groups. In the longitudinal analysis, no change was observed conceming lipid profile in all groups (p > 0.05), except for an increase in HDL cholesterol in group 4. After twelve months of follow up all groups had an improvement in nutritional status, with an increase on lean and fat body mass. Conclusion: HIV-1 infected subjects had worse nutritional evolution compared to healthy Controls despite similar food intake. The most compromised were the subjects using protease inhibitor for up to two months, who had triglycerides serum levels higher then healthy Controls, at any time point. HlV-positive children and adolescents using nucleoside (NRTI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase reverse (NNRTI) presented eminent dyslipidemia with statistical decrease of HLD cholesterol

Effortless shopping : A qualitative study of Gen Z's shopping behaviour and how they value the environmental sustainability in the fashion industry

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of Gen Z’s structure in the buying decision-making process and how they value environmental sustainability within the fashion industry. In this context, the following research questions was formulated: (1) What structure does the buyer decision-making process follow for Gen Z when it comes to apparel shopping? (2) How does Gen Z value environmental sustainability when buying apparel?    Theories used in the literature review have included the main concepts of sustainability in the fashion industry, the buyer decision-making process and Gen Z. In order to clarify the relationship between the main concepts a conceptual framework was presented, which together with the theoretical framework was used to analyse the empirical data. The empirical data of this study refers to the collection of multiple interviews with individuals born between 1996-2002. By following a qualitative research method an understanding of Gen Z´s shopping behaviour and whether they are affected by environmental issues was collected. With regard to the concept being a relatively unexplored area in the business research, this thesis is based on a deductive research approach. It was concluded that the Gen Z does not follow the traditional structure of the buyer decision-making process and do not value environmental sustainability when buying apparel. Finally, the minority purchasing sustainable apparel have a higher involvement in their buyer decision-making process due to their motivation towards sustainable choices.

Vad behövs egentligen för att kunna undervisa i algebra? : En systematisk litteraturstudie om lärares kunskaper och undervisningsstrategier i algebra på lågstadiet

Vad behövs för att bli en framgångsrik matematiklärare inom området algebra på lågstadiet som för många elever är ett problematiskt område? Denna systematiska litteraturstudie syftar till att synliggöra vilka lärarkunskaper som är viktiga för att bedriva framgångsrik undervisning i algebra på lågstadiet samt hur olika undervisningsstrategier inom matematikområdet kan bidra till bättre kunskapsinhämtning för elever. Studien baseras på tio vetenskapliga artiklar som kategoriserats och analyserats. Resultatet visar att lärare behöver behärska flera olika kunskaper för att undervisa på ett framgångsrikt sätt, däribland ämneskunskaper och förmåga att samtala och reflektera. En del av resultatet kring undervisningsstrategier indikerar att en kommunikativ undervisningsstrategi kan vara gynnsam för att elever ska ges möjlighet att utveckla algebraiska förmågor, om övriga förutsättningar är fördelaktiga.