Modelling and control of distillation plant using fractionalorder pid controller / Mohd Hezri Marzaki

Over the recent years, there has been an explosive growth of interest in the usage of essential oil. Essential oils can be obtained through various type extraction techniques that ranging from conventional to modern techniques with the most common practice approach in extraction technology using steam distillation. Temperature is identified as the most influencing parameter in the quality of essential. Hence this study is focusing on the steam temperature control alone. The steam temperature exhibits nonlinear behaviour due to many factors. Previous studies have shown that fractional order control has the capability to handle the nonlinearity dynamic better than the conventional technique. Hence, the improvement of the control strategy is a necessary. This research presents the design of Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) with enhancement of lowpass filter and error filter for temperature regulation in a Small-Medium Industry Steam Distillation (SMISD) plant. There are several tests have been done to evaluate the performance of the developed controllers in the SMISD plant such as step test, set point change, and load disturbance test. The experiment was conducted in simulation and real-time environment. The results indicated that the system has a time constant of 796.86 s and dead time of 765.63 s. The Auto Regressive with eXogenous input (ARX) model that has been used to represent SMISD plant during the simulation study presented a good model fit with 99.24 %. The enhanced version of Model Predictive Controller (MPC) with anti-windup strategy has been introduced in this study which derived from Unconstrained MPC (UMPC) and Constrained MPC (CMPC)

Cadastral survey practice on parcels in a multilayered situation for future Malaysian 3D Cadastre / Mohamad Hezri Razali

The current Cadastre system that is being practiced in Malaysia for a period of one hundred years is a two-dimensional (2D) parcel based system. However in the near future, it is envisaged that this 2D based concept may no longer be able to meet the changes brought about by the booming yet complex high density developments. It clearly proves that there are some restrictions to facilitate essential information about land and property, which includes Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities in 3- Dimensional geographical space. The aim of the thesis focuses on how to introduce and incorporate a 3-Dimensional concept into the current cadastral survey practice for future Malaysian 3D Cadastral with emphasis on the case of multi-layered situations. The thesis begins by firstly introducing the initiatives and implementation strategies on the possibility of the current practice in 3D Cadastre abroad which includes Norway, Queensland (Australia), Israel and Netherlands being accommodated into the existing Malaysian Cadastre System in order to establish a conceptual framework and practice for future 3D Malaysian Cadastre system. Hence, the status and development of the cadastral system and practices elsewhere and their impact on the current practices towards 3D cadastre system in Malaysia and the development of 3D Cadastre abroad are reviewed and documented. In the second objective, the establishment of possible cadastral solutions focusing on the Malaysian cadastral surveying practices are proposed and discussed in enabling the 3D registration of Rights, Responsibilities and Restrictions (3D-RRRs) for multi-layered parcels development. These proposed solutions comprise of four conceptual approaches to be considered accordingly for the case of multi-layered parcels. Finally, the verification survey through distribution of questionnaires survey in terms of quantitative approach has been conducted in order to validate the capability and feasibility of those suggested solutions for accommodating the 3D Cadastre system in Malaysia. The questionnaires survey from various government authorities and professional firms were analysed statistically in obtaining the perceptions of personnel in collective form on the proposed cadastral solutions. Throughout the result of questionnaire survey is become clear that 86% of respondents were agreed and thought that the introduction of 3-Dimensional based concept as proposed in the thesis will play a significant role in establishing the legal status of multi-layered property rights which offers best potentials and is realizable in the near feature

Design Optimization of Reflectarray Antenna Fabricated above Paper Based Substrate Materials

A novel combination of X – band reflectarray antenna printed above paper based substrate material has been presented for microwave antenna application. Paper substrate materials with controlled compositions, characterized using dielectric probe shows dielectric constants of 1.68 and 1.74 and loss tangents of 0.074 and 0.082 respectively. Reflectarray unit elements simulated using CST MWS were fabricated over the paper substrates using adhesive copper tape. The fabricated samples tested for the scattering parameters demonstrate an efficient bandwidth of 340 and 290 MHz for both the substrate materials. Moreover the measured reflection phase of the elements covers a phase range of 310º and 290º for proposed paper substrates

Evaluation of energy consumption in small-scale agarwood distillation pot based on averaged control signal simulation

Water temperature of a hydro distillation process are represented by using first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model by performing a step test. From the model obtained, a PID controller have been implemented based on several tuning method includes Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon and Integral Square Error (ISE)-Load to enhance the performance of the system. In this study, a setpoint was set to 80°C and the comparative performance of PID controller with several tuning rules was evaluate and analyse via simulation. The analysis of the performance was depend on settling time, percentage of overshoot and rise time. Moreover, in this study, the average amount of control signal have been evaluated based on several tuning rules by using an integral control signal. The simulation result shows the ISE-Load that completed with minimum percentage of overshoot could result in best temperature control for hydro distillation process. However, in term of energy consumption, PID ZN gives lower energy usage

Impact of technology adoption as a key growth contributor for women micro businesses in Malaysia

Nowadays, technology evolution is essential for business growth. However, there are still loopholes in adopting technology in microbusinesses, especially amongst women microentrepreneurs. Less exposure to knowledge and experience has deterred them from adopting technology. This study examines the relationship between technology adoption readiness among women microentrepreneurs in Malaysia as a key growth contributor for women microbusinesses. Three sub-objectives are (i) to identify the technology adoption readiness of women microentrepreneurs, (ii) to examine the relationship between technology adoption readiness, business model innovation, and their technology readiness, and (iii) to investigate the mediating effects of business model innovation between the technology adoption readiness and their technology readiness. This quantitative study distributed the survey questions to 421 women microentrepreneurs from five regions in Malaysia through digital platforms (i.e., WhatsApp, email, and Telegram). This study selected the respondents through non-probability sampling and analysed the data through descriptive, Pearson-correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analyses. The innovation factor has the highest mean and standard deviation, followed by optimism, insecurity and discomfort. The correlation coefficient for business model innovation and technology ready women microentrepreneurs is r = 0.495, p<0.01, meanwhile r = 0.577, p<0.01 for business model innovation and technology adoption readiness and r = 0.488, p<0.01 for technology adoption readiness and technology ready women microentrepreneurs. Technology adoption readiness is significant and positively related to both technology ready women microentrepreneurs and business model innovation. Next, business model innovation is significant and positively allied with technology ready women microentrepreneurs. Multiple regressions also reveal that after mediating variable business model innovation was considered, the β weight for technology adoption readiness was also significant. Thus, business model innovation acts as a partial mediator in the association between technology adoption readiness and technology ready women microentrepreneurs. There is no proof to reject the hypothesis v of H3. Business model innovation mediates the relationship between technology adoption readiness and technology ready women microentrepreneurs. This study contributes to theoretical development by demonstrating that business model innovation mediates the readiness for technology adoption and technology ready women microentrepreneurs. This study also designs intervention programmes to improve technology adoption readiness and technology ready women microentrepreneurs. Thus, they can improve their business performance by revisiting their business plans and strengthening technology usage

Development of smart solar tracking system

The project is to design an active solar tracking system which able to track the sunlight with the aid of light dependent resistor (LDR) as input sensor to read the intensity of sunlight. The solar tracking system uses platform as a base and it is moved by a servo motor as the platform needs to be moved towards the sunlight to get the optimum light. The solar tracking system is programmed by using microcontroller Arduino Uno as a main controller. After the setup of the hardware and program, the tracking motion of the tracking system has been implemented to track the sun based on sunlight direction. In this work, it is designed that the motion of the tracking system is depends on the value read by LDR. As a conclusion, the solar tracking system can increase the solar panels efficiency by keeping the solar panels perpendicular with sun’s position

Blood transfusion: hospital negligence / Siti Radziah Kamarudin … [et al.]

Every year, over 100 million blood units (one unit is a half-litre pouch) are collected from donors worldwide. But millions mere are still needed. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that annually as many as 150,000 women die in childbirth due to lack of blood supply or inappropriate blood therapy.1 According to WHO, as much as five percent of HIV infections in developing countries may be caused by transfusion of contaminated blood. We sometimes happened to read in the local newspaper that a patient becomes a victim of medical malpractice. Only a few victims have brought the cases to the court to claim for compensation. After a while the case will hardly been heard or read in the mass media. In contrast, the western civilian such as the Americans and English are more aware of their rights in medical negligence. As part of the public we must aware about the procedures, types of disease that can be transmitted, responsibilities and rights of every parties involved in conducting a blood transfusion. The Ministry of Health has played a major role to set up a law and guidelines for the medical practitioners to reduce any possibility of transmitting contaminated blood but still more cases appeared. Yet an agent to the ministry must be more aware of their liability such as hospitals, doctors and nurses. The blood donor also must be more responsible for their action to use blood bank as a place to test their blood for any infection