Rôle de la signalisation des enképhalines par les récepteurs opioïdergiques delta dans la résilience au stress chronique

La survie d'un individu repose essentiellement sur sa capacité d’adaptation à des conditions de vie en constante évolution. Il existe une grande variabilité entre les individus concernant leur réponse au stress chronique, définissant le concept de résilience. Il s’agit d’un mécanisme d'adaptation actif correspondant à la capacité d'un individu à éviter les conséquences négatives sociales, psychologiques et biologiques d'un stress extrême, qui compromettraient son bien-être psychologique ou physique. Le phénomène est complexe et fait intervenir de nombreuses structures cérébrales et de nombreux neurotransmetteurs. Parmi les systèmes neuropeptidergiques, les opioïdes endogènes, comme les enképhalines (ENKs), seraient des cibles potentiellement impliquées dans ces variations naturelles et pourraient ainsi, être un élément déterminant de la capacité d'adaptation individuelle, au cours de l'exposition au stress chronique. Dans une précédente étude de l’équipe du Dr Guy Drolet, il avait été démontré que les niveaux d'expression de l'ARNm des ENKs étaient diminués dans le noyau basolatéral de l’amygdale (BLA) chez les rats vulnérables après un stress chronique de défaite sociale (SCDS). De plus, l’inhibition des ENKs dans la BLA permettait de reproduire un phénotype de vulnérabilité chez le rat, démontrant ainsi le rôle prépondérant de la circuiterie des ENKs dans le développement de la résilience. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal de comprendre la contribution dans la résilience au stress chronique du circuit des ENKs via les récepteurs opioïdergiques Delta (DOPr), tant au niveau neuroanatomique que fonctionnel. Nous avons, tout d’abord, examiné par hybridation in situ, les niveaux d’expression des ENKs dans la BLA chez la souris après un SCDS : comme chez le rat, les souris vulnérables présentaient une diminution de l’ARNm des ENKs dans la BLA par rapport aux animaux résilients et contrôles. Ce résultat confirme une conservation entre les rongeurs concernant l’implication des ENKs dans la résilience. Par la suite, nous avons évalué les niveaux d’expression de DOPr dans les structures cibles de la BLA. Nous avons spécifiquement ciblé l’hippocampe qui entretient un dialogue privilégié avec l’amygdale dans la réponse au stress et dans lequel, DOPr est fortement exprimé. L’expression de l’ARNm de DOPr était réduite dans la région CA1 de l'hippocampe ventral (CA1-vHPC) chez les souris vulnérables tandis que le niveau était maintenu chez les animaux résilients comme chez les témoins. Afin de disséquer l’importance de la signalisation DOPr dans le développement de la résilience, une activation pharmacologique a été effectuée : l’administration d’un agoniste de DOPr, le SNC80, dans la circulation systémique, a augmenté la proportion de souris résilientes après le SCDS. Dans un second temps, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que le maintien du niveau d’expression de DOPr au niveau du CA1-vHPC permettait de maintenir un statut oxydatif contrôlé dans les neurones, conduisant au phénotype de résilience. En effet, le rôle neuroprotecteur de l’activation de DOPr contre les dommages oxydatifs cellulaires (i.e. stress oxydatif, SO) a été démontré dans différents contextes, notamment chez le rat ischémique. Nous avons ainsi observé des marqueurs du SO - comme les neurones « sombres » ou la dilatation du réticulum endoplasmique - par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) après un SCDS, avec ou sans traitement au SNC80. Nous avons spécifiquement ciblé les neurones excitateurs et inhibiteurs du CA1-vHPC. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que le SNC80 diminuait la proportion de certains marqueurs du SO, autant chez les animaux résilients que vulnérables, tandis que pour d’autres marqueurs, il restaurait les dommages oxydatifs induits par le SCDS, uniquement chez les vulnérables. Enfin, une étude ultrastructurelle des mitochondries - comme leur nombre et leur taille - par MET, a confirmé ces résultats où le SNC80 restaure les effets délétères du stress uniquement chez les souris vulnérables. Ces résultats ont permis de démontrer que l’activation de la signalisation DOPr est responsable de la résilience en maintenant un statut oxydatif contrôlé dans les neurones excitateurs et inhibiteurs du CA1-vHPC. Pour finir, une étude moléculaire a été effectuée par western blot, dans l’hippocampe total, afin de déterminer la cible moléculaire de DOPr impliquée dans le SO permettant la résilience. Les complexes de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale et des enzymes antioxydantes ont été ciblés. L’activation de DOPr a résulté en une diminution de l’expression de certains complexes sans dévoiler la cible moléculaire exacte de DOPr permettant la résilience au stress chronique. Collectivement, ces études proposent un nouveau mécanisme par lequel la signalisation ENK-DOPr permettrait le développement de la résilience au stress chronique en favorisant un état oxydatif contrôlé dans les neurones de l'hippocampe.The survival of an individual is essentially based on his ability to adapt to ever-changing living conditions. There is a great variability among individuals regarding their response to chronic stress, defining the concept of resilience. Resilience is an active coping mechanism corresponding to an individual's ability to avoid the negative social, psychological and biological consequences of extreme stress that would compromise their psychological or physical well-being. The phenomenon is complex and recruits many brain structures and several neurotransmitters. Among the neuropeptidergic systems, endogenous opioids, such as enkephalins (ENKs), could be potential targets involved in the occurrence of these natural variations and could thus be a crucial determinant of an individual’s capacity to adapt to chronic stress. In a previous study by Dr Guy Drolet's team, ENK mRNA expression levels were shown to be decreased in the nucleus of basolateral amygdala (BLA) in vulnerable rats after chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). In addition, the inhibition of ENKs in the BLA reproduced this vulnerability phenotype in rats, thus demonstrating the preponderant role of the ENK circuitry in the development of resilience. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the contribution of the ENKs circuit via the Delta opioid receptors (DOPr) in the chronic stress resilience, both at the neuroanatomical and functional levels. We first examined, by in situ hybridization, the expression levels of ENKs in BLA in mice after CSDS: as in rats, susceptible mice showed a decrease in ENK mRNA in BLA compared to resilient and controls animals. This result confirmed the implication of the ENKs in resilience in rodents. Subsequently, we evaluated the expression levels of DOPr in the target structures of the BLA. We specifically targeted the hippocampus, which maintains a privileged dialogue with the amygdala in the response to stress and in which DOPr is strongly expressed. DOPr mRNA expression was reduced in the ventral hippocampal CA1 region (CA1-vHPC) in vulnerable mice while the level was preserved in both resilient and control animals. In order to dissect the importance of DOPr signaling in the development of resilience, pharmacological activation was performed: the administration of a DOPr agonist, SNC80, into the systemic circulation, increased the proportion of resilient mice after the CSDS. In a second step, we hypothesized that the maintenance of DOPr mRNA expression in CA1-vHPC allowed the preservation of a controlled oxidative status in neurons, leading to the phenotype of resilience. Indeed, the neuroprotective role of DOPr activation against cellular oxidative damages (i.e. oxidative stress, OS) was demonstrated in different contexts, particularly in ischemic rats. Thus, we observed markers of OS - such as dark neurons and endoplasmic reticulum dilation - by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after CSDS, with or without SNC80 treatment. We specifically targeted excitatory and inhibitory neurons of CA1-vHPC. We were able to demonstrate that the SNC80 decreased the proportion of some OS markers in both resilient and vulnerable animals, while for other markers, it restored CSDS-induced oxidative damages only in vulnerable mice. Finally, an ultrastructural study of mitochondria by TEM, confirmed these results where the SNC80 restored the deleterious effects of stress only in vulnerable mice. These results demonstrated that activation of DOPr signaling is responsible for resilience by the preservation of a controlled oxidative status in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of CA1- vHPC. Finally, a molecular study was performed by western blot, in the total hippocampus, to determine the molecular target of DOPr involved in OS, allowing stress resilience. Complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and antioxidant enzymes were measured. The activation of DOPr showed a decrease in the expression of certain complexes without revealing the exact molecular target of DOPr allowing resilience to chronic stress. Overall, these studies propose a novel mechanism by which ENK-DOPr signaling promotes resilience to chronic stress by enhancing a controlled oxidative status in hippocampal neurons

Spinocerebellar ataxia 27B: episodic symptoms and acetazolamide response in 34 patients

Ashton C et al report a retrospective multi-centre cohort of 34 patients from Canada, France, Austria and Australia with spinocerebellar ataxia 27B, describing the common feature of episodic ataxia and other episodic features, as well as the inefficacy of acetazolamide in these patients

A Holistic View of the Goto-Kakizaki Rat Immune System: Decreased Circulating Immune Markers in Non- Obese Type 2 Diabetes

Type-2 diabetes is a complex disorder that is now considered to have an immune component, with functional impairments in many immune cell types. Type-2 diabetes is often accompanied by comorbid obesity, which is associated with low grade inflammation. However,the immune status in Type-2 diabetes independent of obesity remains unclear. Goto-Kakizaki rats are a non-obese Type-2 diabetes model. The limited evidence available suggests that Goto-Kakizaki rats have a pro-inflammatory immune profile in pancreatic islets. Here we present a detailed overview of the adult Goto-Kakizaki rat immune system. Three converging lines of evidence: fewer pro-inflammatory cells, lower levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a clear downregulation of pro-inflammatory signalling in liver, muscle and adipose tissues indicate a limited pro-inflammatory baseline immune profile outside the pancreas. As Type-2 diabetes is frequently associated with obesity and adipocyte-released inflammatory mediators, the pro-inflammatory milieu seems not due to Type-2 diabetes per se; although this overall reduction of immune markers suggests marked immune dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Copyright © 2022 Seal, Henry, Pajot, Holuka, Bailbé, Movassat, Darnaudéry and Turner.Diabète maternel et vulnérabilité neuropsychiatrique chez la descendance : rôle de la méthylation de l'AD

A modelling framework for the prediction of the herd-level probability of infection from longitudinal data

International audienceThe collective control programmes (CPs) that exist for many infectious diseases of farm animals rely on the application of diagnostic testing at regular time intervals for the identification of infected animals or herds. The diversity of these CPs complicates the trade of animals between regions or countries because the definition of freedom from infection differs from one CP to another. In this paper, we describe a statistical model for the prediction of herd-level probabilities of infection from longitudinal data collected as part of CPs against infectious diseases of cattle. The model was applied to data collected as part of a CP against bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in Loire-Atlantique, France. The model represents infection as a herd latent status with a monthly dynamics. This latent status determines test results through test sensitivity and test specificity. The probability of becoming status positive between consecutive months is modelled as a function of risk factors (when available) using logistic regression. Modelling is performed in a Bayesian framework, using either Stan or JAGS. Prior distributions need to be provided for the sensitivities and specificities of the different tests used, for the probability of remaining status positive between months as well as for the probability of becoming positive between months. When risk factors are available, prior distributions need to be provided for the coefficients of the logistic regression, replacing the prior for the probability of becoming positive. From these prior distributions and from the longitudinal data, the model returns posterior probability distributions for being status positive for all herds on the current month. Data from the previous months are used for parameter estimation. The impact of using different prior distributions and model implementations on parameter estimation was evaluated. The main advantage of this model is its ability to predict a probability of being status positive in a month from inputs that can vary in terms of nature of test, frequency of testing and risk factor availability/presence. The main challenge in applying the model to the BVDV CP data was in identifying prior distributions, especially for test characteristics, that corresponded to the latent status of interest, i.e. herds with at least one persistently infected (PI) animal. The model is available on Github as an R package (https://github.com/AurMad/STOCfree) and can be used to carry out output-based evaluation of disease CPs

Lymphatic and Immune Cell Cross-Talk Regulates Cardiac Recovery After Experimental Myocardial Infarction

Objective: Lymphatics play an essential pathophysiological role in promoting fluid and immune cell tissue clearance. Conversely, immune cells may influence lymphatic function and remodeling. Recently, cardiac lymphangiogenesis has been proposed as a therapeutic target to prevent heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated the effects of gene therapy to modulate cardiac lymphangiogenesis post-MI in rodents. Second, we determined the impact of cardiac-infiltrating T cells on lymphatic remodeling in the heart. Approach and Results: Comparing adenoviral versus adeno-associated viral gene delivery in mice, we found that only sustained VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-C(C156S)therapy, achieved by adeno-associated viral vectors, increased cardiac lymphangiogenesis, and led to reduced cardiac inflammation and dysfunction by 3 weeks post-MI. Conversely, inhibition of VEGF-C/-D signaling, through adeno-associated viral delivery of soluble VEGFR3 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3), limited infarct lymphangiogenesis. Unexpectedly, this treatment improved cardiac function post-MI in both mice and rats, linked to reduced infarct thinning due to acute suppression of T-cell infiltration. Finally, using pharmacological, genetic, and antibody-mediated prevention of cardiac T-cell recruitment in mice, we discovered that both CD4(+)and CD8(+)T cells potently suppress, in part through interferon-gamma, cardiac lymphangiogenesis post-MI. Conclusions: We show that resolution of cardiac inflammation after MI may be accelerated by therapeutic lymphangiogenesis based on adeno-associated viral gene delivery of VEGF-C-C156S. Conversely, our work uncovers a major negative role of cardiac-recruited T cells on lymphatic remodeling. Our results give new insight into the interconnection between immune cells and lymphatics in orchestration of cardiac repair after injury.Peer reviewe

Molecular Assessment of Bacterial Vaginosis by Lactobacillus Abundance and Species Diversity

Background To date, women are most often diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) using microscopy based Nugent scoring or Amsel criteria. However, the accuracy is less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to confirm the identity of known BV-associated composition profiles and evaluate indicators for BV using three molecular methods. Methods Evaluation of indicators for BV was carried out by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V5-V7 region, a tailor-made 16S rRNA oligonucleotide-based microarray, and a PCR-based profiling technique termed IS-profiling, which is based on fragment variability of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. An inventory of vaginal bacterial species was obtained from 40 females attending a Dutch sexually transmitted infection outpatient clinic, of which 20 diagnosed with BV (Nugent score 7–10), and 20 BV negative (Nugent score 0–3). Results Analysis of the bacterial communities by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed two clusters in the BV negative women, dominated by either Lactobacillus iners or Lactobacillus crispatus and three distinct clusters in the BV positive women. In the former, there was a virtually complete, negative correlation between L. crispatus and L. iners. BV positive subjects showed cluster profiles that were relatively high in bacterial species diversity and dominated by anaerobic species, including Gardnerella vaginalis, and those belonging to the Families of Lachnospiraceae and Leptotrichiaceae. Accordingly, the Gini-Simpson index of species diversity, and the relative abundance Lactobacillus species appeared consistent indicators for BV. Under the conditions used, only the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing method was suitable to assess species diversity, while all three molecular composition profiling methods were able to indicate Lactobacillus abundance in the vaginal microbiota. Conclusion An affordable and simple molecular test showing a depletion of the genus Lactobacillus in combination with an increased species diversity of vaginal microbiota could serve as an alternative and practical diagnostic method for the assessment of BV

Molecular assessment of bacterial vaginosis by Lactobacillus abundance and species diversity

__Background:__ To date, women are most often diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) using microscopy based Nugent scoring or Amsel criteria. However, the accuracy is less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to confirm the identity of known BV-associated composition profiles and evaluate indicators for BV using three molecular methods. __Methods:__ Evaluation of indicators for BV was carried out by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V5-V7 region, a tailor-made 16S rRNA oligonucleotide-based microarray, and a PCR-based profiling technique termed IS-profiling, which is based on fragment variability of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. An inventory of vaginal bacterial species was obtained from 40 females attending a Dutch sexually transmitted infection outpatient clinic, of which 20 diagnosed with BV (Nugent score 7-10), and 20 BV negative (Nugent score 0-3). __Results:__ Analysis of the bacterial communities by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed two clusters in the BV negative women, dominated by either Lactobacillus iners or Lactobacillus crispatus and three distinct clusters in the BV positive women. In the former, there was a virtually complete, negative correlation between L. crispatus and L. iners. BV positive subjects showed cluster profiles that were relatively high in bacterial species diversity and dominated by anaerobic species, including Gardnerella vaginalis, an

Factors influencing feeding practices of extreme poor infants and young children in families of working mothers in Dhaka slums: A qualitative study

BackgroundNutritional status differs between infants and young children living in slum and non-slum conditions—infants and young children living in City Corporation slums are likely to have worse nutritional status compared to those from non-slums. Furthermore, families in slums tend to engage female labor in cash-earning activities as a survival strategy; hence, a higher percentage of mothers stay at work. However, little is known about feeding practices for infants and young children in families with working mothers in slums. This study aims to understand the factors that determine feeding practices for infants and young children living in families with working mothers in Dhaka slums.MethodsThis study adopted a qualitative approach. Sixteen In-depth Interviews, five Key Informant Interviews, and Focused Group Discussions were conducted with family members, community leaders, and program staff. Method triangulation and thematic analyses were conducted.ResultsFeeding practices for infants and young children in families with working mothers are broadly determined by mothers’ occupation, basis civic facilities, and limited family buying capacity. Although mothers have good nutritional knowledge, they negotiate between work and feeding their infants and young children. Household composition, access to cooking facilities, and poverty level were also found to be significant determining factors.ConclusionThe results suggest a trade-off between mothers’ work and childcare. The absence of alternative care support in homes and/or work places along with societal factors outweighs full benefits of project interventions. Improving alternative childcare support could reduce the burden of feeding practice experienced by working mothers and may improve nutritional outcomes