Risk, commercialism and social purpose: Repositioning the English housing association sector

Originally seen as the ‘third arm’ of UK housing policy, the independent, not-for-profit housing association sector had long been seen as effective in ‘filling the gap’ where the state or market were unable to provide for households in need. Since the 1980s in particular, successive governments had viewed housing associations in favourable terms as efficient, semi-autonomous social businesses, capable of leveraging significant private funding. By 2015, in contrast, central government had come to perceive the sector as inefficient, bureaucratic and wasteful of public subsidy. Making use of institutional theory, this paper considers this paradigm shift and examines the organisational responses to an increasingly challenging operating environment. By focusing, in particular, on large London housing associations, the paper analyses their strategic decision-making to address the opportunities and threats presented. The paper argues that in facing an era of minimal subsidy, low security and high risk, the 2015 reforms represent a critical juncture for the sector. Housing organisations face a stark dilemma about whether to continue a strategy of ‘profit for purpose’ or to embrace an unambiguously commercial ethos. The article contends that the trajectory of decision-making (although not unidirectional) leads ultimately towards an increased exposure to risk and vulnerability to changes in the housing market. More fundamentally, the attempt to reconcile social and commercial logics is likely to have wider consequences for the legitimacy of the sector

A legacy handbook for physical regeneration

Legacy Handbook reviewing emda's experience of regeneration activity. Identifies key achievements and draws out lessons learned that may be relevant to successor bodies active in this area

The taxing problems of land value capture, planning obligations and viability tests: some reasonable models?

Given their increasing importance in the formation and implementation of planning policies in the UK, this paper focuses on the use of development viability tests to determine how land value uplifts actuated by planning consent could be distributed between developers, landowners and the community. Following a discussion of way in which planning obligations act as a quasi-betterment tax that can both capture and create land values, alternative approaches to operationalising Benchmark Land Value (BLV) are evaluated. The effects of different approaches to BLV on potential land value capture are simulated for a number of hypothetical development sites in order to identify and compare implied betterment tax rates and to estimate viable affordable housing proportions. It is concluded that large geographical variations in property prices produce large variations in the potential for land value capture. Different approaches to BLV have a range of strengths and weaknesses. In addition, given that viability models are susceptible to significant levels of error and potential bias, using such models to make and implement planning policies renders such processes vulnerable to opportunistic behaviour and prone to miscalculation

Proof of concept - Community Land Trusts

This ‘proof of concept’ report seeks to examine and quantify the progress made by Community Land Trusts (CLTs) now that there are a significant number of homes on the ground. Through the evidence of the case studies it will also look at the lessons learnt

Housing Futures: our homes and communities. A report for the Federation of Master Builders

Forward by Ron Storer, President, Federation of Master Builders: The housing system is intrinsically linked to almost every major area of government policy from the economy and taxation to the environment and education. It is driven by a huge range of factors from the behaviour of individuals to global economic forces. It is also in most cases the greatest asset and debt held by a household. There is a wide variation in the amount of money people spend on their housing ranging from those who own their property outright to an estimated one million households who spend more than two thirds of their income on housing costs. And yet despite its importance economically, socially and environmentally the current housing system is in crisis; namely housing supply is failing to meet demand and the current stock is unsuitable without major adaption to meet future needs. There is now an urgent need to take action to make our existing homes greener and more energy efficient. Given that our homes contribute 27 per cent of the UK's total carbo emissions and that 85 per cent of our homes will be still be in use in 2050 it is imperative if the Government is to meet its legal requirement to cut carbon emissions that a more concerted effort is made to transform our existing housing stock. A large scale programme of retrofitting is required to transform our 26 million homes. Such a programme could have a significant role in helping to reduce fuel poverty, creating new jobs in the construction sector as well as tackling energy saving. housing futures and what this might mean in terms of developing a coherent joined up policy across government and the construction sector to tackle the issue. I'm delighted that Professor Anne Power accepted our challenge and has produced this first class, thought provoking report. The report sets some big challenges for construction and specifically the FMB which we need to address and act on if we are to turn the rhetoric into reality. I believe the FMB can rise to challenge and would like to extend an invitation to everyone else with an interest in our homes and communities to work with us to ensure that we turn these challenges into the opportunities that will deliver the housing that this country deserveshousing, environment, homes, housing stock

Closure of Nursing Homes in Rural Texas during 2022-2023 a Three-County Case Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the healthcare system, particularly for nursing homes. In this study, the impact of the acute 2022 epidemic on the closure of nursing homes in rural Texas was examined. The objective was to identify the factors that contributed to the closure of these nursing homes during the epidemic which eventually led to limited bed availability and closures over an 11-month period. Data was collected on the number of nursing homes that closed, their location, and the reasons for closure. The target. Criteria for measuring adequate bed availability was Based on review of literature used; 30 beds per 1,000 residents age 65+ in a county as our “benchmark” for being underserved regarding nursing home access. Results show that the closure of nursing homes in rural Texas during the 2022 epidemic was primarily driven by financial challenges. Many nursing homes were unable to secure adequate funding to cover the increased costs associated with the epidemic. Furthermore, the finding indicates that state systems to monitor patient access to nursing home care are notable to provide timely warnings to policy makers on severe shortages that are emerging. In conclusion, the acute 2022 epidemic had a profound impact on the closure of nursing homes in rural Texas, primarily due to financial challenges. My findings suggest that policymakers and healthcare providers should prioritize measures to ensure the financial stability of nursing homes during epidemics followed by clear, prompt and concise data reporting within rural healthcare setting

Over a decade of achievements

This is a corporate publication describing key achievements of the East Midlands Development Agency 1999-2011

Accounting for accounting's role in the neoliberalization processes of social housing in England:A Bourdieusian perspective

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Abstract This paper seeks to account for how accounting is implicated in the neoliberalization processes of social housing in England. It adopts a processual view which instead of conceptualizing neoliberalism as static and ‘end-state’, views it as a dynamic process of neoliberalization. We draw upon Bourdieu’s notions of field, capital and habitus to frame our study. We focus on reform of the regulation of social housing in England during the period 2006–2016. We show that the process of neoliberalization of social housing in England was instigated by the state’s intervention to change the structure of the field in terms of norms, power relations and positions of players on the field. These changes brought about simultaneous changes in the habitus of the field as well as the structure and habitus of Housing Associations as sub-fields. We demonstrate how these changes create and reproduce a new system of domination where the tenant is the dominated player. We highlight the role accounting played in these changes in terms of being used as a tool by the regulator to achieve social control and drive change within Housing Associations and by the Housing Associations to evidence conformity with the new norms and adaptation

Cuts, cuts, cuts

RDA's spend around £1.5bn per year. Administration accounts for about 7% of this. The Homes and Communities Agency is budgeted to spend £6bn this financial year. Administration accounts for less than 2%. It should be clear that efficiency savings in the delivery (e.g. through abolishing these quangos) will only make a small difference to the overall expenditure. The new government is going to have to cut programme expenditure. So the crucial question is: what should it cut

Affordable housing definitions and Section 106 contributions in England

This paper examines whether Local Planning Authority definitions of affordable housing provide adequate clarity with which to negotiate affordable housing contributions with private sector house builders. The paper updates Government research, Delivering Affordable Housing through Planning Policy (ODPM, 2002), by systematically interrogating the affordable housing definitions of 51 Local Planning Authorities in England. LPA housing and planning documents were scrutinised in respect of the local definition of affordable housing, whether it conformed to the Governments ‘new’ PPS3 definition, the thresholds set at which the requirement for affordable housing is triggered and the target level at which Section 106 contributions are set. The findings indicate that although Local Planning Authority definitions of affordable housing have improved in terms of their quality, precision and clarity, one in five LPAs still did not provide a concise definition of affordable housing