Production of Hard Grade Bitumen for Using in High Modulus Asphalt Concrete

قد تتعرض الخرسانة الاسفلتية الاعتيادية لعدة اضرار مثل شقوق الكلل والتخدد وتتفاقم درجة هذه الاضرار مع الظروف المناخية القاسية والحمل المروري المتكرر. يمكن اعتبار الخلطة الاسفلتية العالية المرونة المصممة وفقا للطريقة الفرنسية (EME)) أحد الحلول المهمة للحد من هذه الاضرار. ان انتاج هذا النوع من الخليط يتطلب اسفلت (كمادة رابطة) عالي الصلابة. البحث الحالي يتضمن طريقة جديدة لأنتاج الاسفلت بتدرج اختراق نوع hard)) ليلائم متطلبات الاسفلت العالي الصلابة المستخدم لأنتاج الخلطة الاسفلتية العالية المرونة المصممة وفقا للطريقة الفرنسية. العمل المختبري يتضمن خلط البوليمر ومصلبه مع الاسفلت الاعتيادي لأنتاج الاسفلت الجديد العالي الصلابة. نظرا لأن شقوق الكلل هي أكثر المخاوف المتعلقة بالأسفلت (كمادة رابطة) العالي الصلابة والخلطة الاسفلتية العالية المرونة، لذلك تمت إضافة حبيبات المطاط الى الاسفلت المنتج العالي الصلابة لتحسين أداء التبليط في مقاومة شقوق الكلل. تم اجراء اختباري مطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء ومسح المجهر الالكتروني للأسفلت الاعتيادي وللأسفلت العالي الصلابة. كانت القيمة المثلى المختارة للمضافات لانتاج الاسفلت العالي الصلابة المستخدم في الخلطة الاسفلتية العالية المرونة هي 4% و0.4% من وزن الاسفلت للنوفولاك والهكسامين على التوالي، بينما نسبة حبيبات المطاط لتحسين المرونة هي 0.5%. أظهرت نتائج الاختبارات المجهرية والاشعة تحت الحمراء للاسفلت المنتج حدوث تداخلا ميكانيكيا بين الاسفلت والمضافات أدى الى تحسن كبير في الخواص الميكانيكة للاسفلت المنتج. الاسفلت المنتج قد حقق متطلبات الاسفلت العالي الصلابة وبالتالي يمكن استخدامه في انتاج الخلطة الاسفلتية العالية المرونة المصممة وفق الطريقة الفرنسية.The conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) may suffer from several distress such as fatigue cracks and rutting. These distresses increase with severe climate conditions and reputation of traffic load. The High Modulus Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) designed according to the French method (EME) can be considered as one of the important solutions for these distresses. The production of HMAC requires hard grade bitumen. The current research involved a novel way to produce hard grade bitumen (asphalt binder) to be consonant with the requirements of hard grade bitumen used for a HMAC. The experimental work involved mixing polymer and cross-linking agent with conventional bitumen to get the new bitumen. Since the most concern with hard grade bitumen and HMAC is the fatigue cracks, Crumb Rubber (CR) was added to the obtained bitumen to improve the fatigue performance of the pavement. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) tests were carried out on the conventional and hard grade bitumen. The optimal value of additives was selected to meet the requirement of hard grade bitumen was 4% Novolac from weight of bitumen and 10 % of Hexamine from weight of Novolac (i.e. 0.4% of weight of bitumen), while the selected CR ratio to improve flexibility was 0.5% from weight of bitumen. FTIR and SEM test results showed that a mechanical interaction was occurring between the bitumen and the additives leads to greatly improve the mechanical properties of resulting bitumen. The obtained bitumen is satisfied to required standards and can be used for HMAC according to French method

Effect of Zinc Oxide Percent on Transmission Properties for (X-Ray) of Rubber Compound (SBR)

X-ray beams are comprised of photons of many different energies, and as such are polyenergetic. A characteristic of an x-ray beam that affects the rate of attenuation, and hence the exit intensity of the beam, is its effective energy. Effective energy of the x-ray beam can be considered as the weighted mean of the x-ray photon energies within the beam . Radiation shielding garments are commonly used in hospitals, clinics and dental offices to protect medical patients and workers from unintentional direct and secondary radiation exposure during diagnostic imaging. To Decrease the Exposure of  Ionizing Radiation in this research discuses this problem. The use of  composite materials is an effective methods for altering the performance of Polymer in engineering plastics , rubber, and fiber materials. Composite materials are used for many reasons Such as lowering cost the Industrial ,Shielding Protection, In this study, 8 different rubber compound were prepared by using (SBR) with Zinc Oxide  ( ZnO ) at different ratio (10,30,40,50,60,70,80 and 100) pphr and constant ratio of Titaniom Dioxide (TiO2) at 60 pphr. The physical properties such as Tensile ,Elongation , Young Modulus ,Compression and (X-ray) Transmission  were Studied. Key words:  X-ray beam ,effective energy, ZnO, SBR, Radiation

Preparation and Characterization of poly-aniline hydrochloride (PANI-HCL) Nano-composites by Radiation

تم تحضير البوليمر البولي انيلين هيدروكلورايد بنسب وزنية مختلفة قبل وبعد التشعيع على شكل افلام باستخدام  طريقة الصب ،حيث شععت الافلام المحضره بعنصر كوبلت الذي يبعث اشعة كاما بطاقة (1.2) مليون الكترون فولت لمدة زمنية قدرها (72) ساعة. تم دراسة الخواص التركيبية المتضمنة قياس طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء حيث اظهرت النتائج تطابق المجاميع الفعالة للبوليمر المحضر مع تركيبة الكيميائي وكذلك تم دراسة طبوغرافية سطوح الافلام المحضرة حيث اظهرت الصور بان البوليمر المحضر متجانس ويتغير لونه بعد التشعيع. بالاضافة الى ذلك درست الخصائص الكهربائية المتضمنة قياس تاثير هول والتوصيلية الكهربائية وسلوك التيار والفولتية حيث اظهرت النتائج معامل هول بان البوليمر المحضر قبل وبعد التشعيع تكون حاملات الشحنه من نوع (n-type) ومن خلال قياس التيا- الفولتية اظهرت النتائج بان البوليمر المحضر يسلك سلوك اومي قبل التشعيع ويسلك سلوك شبه موصل بعد التشعيع ،بالاضافة الى ذلك اظهرت نتائج التوصيلية الكهربائية بانها تقل بعد التشعيع.      During this search, the polymer poly-aniline hydrochloride (PANI-HCL)  was prepared with different weights before and after irradiation in the form of films using the casting method. The films were recorded with the cobalt element(CO60), which sends a gama (1.2) Mev for a period of (72) hours. The structural properties of the (FT-IR) were studied. The results showed that the active groups of the recorded polymer were consistent with the chemical composition and topographic study of the prepared film surfaces. The images showed that the recorded polymer is homogeneous and its color changes after irradiation.       The electrical properties included the measurement of the hall effect and the continuous electrical conductivity and the behavior of the current and voltages where the results showed that the Hall coefficient of the polymer mixture recorded before and after the irradiation are carriers of the (n-type) and through the measurement of current- voltages show results that the polymer recorded conduct the behavior of ohmic before irradiation and walk Conduction of a semiconductor after irradiation. In addition, the results of electrical conductivity were shown to be less after irradiation

Study the Optical and Structural Properties for Thin Film Zinc Oxide (ZNO) Produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition

اغشيه اوكسيد الزنك المحضرة بتقنيه الترسيب بالليزر النبضي باستخدام ليزر النديميوم ياك Q-Switching ذو الطول الموجي( (1.06µm ومعدل تكرار(6Hz)  ولطاقه ليزر  500 mJ))   بتقنيه الفراغ ولضغط  تورر في درجه حراره الغرفة .  الخواص البصرية التي تتضمن معامل الامتصاصية ومعامل الخمود ومعامل الانكسار لأغشيه اوكسيد الزنك تم ايجادها ومناقشه النتائج . من طيف الامتصاصية لا وكسيد الزنك  اظهرت النتائج بانه يمتلك فجوه طاقه مباشره مقدارها((3eV . استخدم طيف تحويل فورير للأشعة تحت الحمراء لبيان وجود الأصرة بين الزنك والاوكسجين.                                                                                                   Zinc oxide (ZnO) was prepared by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) using Q-Switching Nd: YAG laser with  =Nd:YAG laser ( a=1064 nm , f=6heposotion NE (ZnPc) THIN FILMS PREPARED BY PULSED LASER DEPOSITION                1064 nm, Repetition rate (f )= 6 Hz , and Energy (E) = 500 mJ at room temperature under vacuum condition with torr. The optical properties included the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, index of refractive for the films of ZnO was evaluated and the results are discussed. The energy band gap of thin-film ZnO 3 (eV) at room temperature. The optical transition was found to be direct and allowed transition. Moreover, UV–visible spectra were used to evaluate the ZnO energy gap. FTIR spectra for ZnO used to the presence of  Zn-O bonding

A new 4-D hyperchaotic hidden attractor system: Its dynamics, coexisting attractors, synchronization and microcontroller implementation

In this paper, a simple 4-dimensional hyperchaotic system is introduced. The proposed system has no equilibria points, so it admits hidden attractor which is an interesting feature of chaotic systems. Another interesting feature of the proposed system is the coexisting of attractors where it shows periodic and chaotic coexisting attractors. After introducing the system, the system is analyzed dynamically using numerical and theoretical techniques. In this analysis, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams have been used to investigate chaotic and hyperchaotic nature, the ranges of system parameters for different behaviors and the route for chaos and coexisting attractors regions. In the next part of our work, a synchronization control system for two identical systems is designed. The design procedure uses a combination of simple synergetic control with adaptive updating laws to identify the unknown parameters derived basing on Lyapunov theorem. Microcontroller (MCU) based hardware implementation system is proposed and tested by using MATLAB as a display side. As an application, the designed synchronization system is used as a secure analog communication system. The designed MCU system with MATLAB Simulation is used to validate the designed synchronization and secure communication systems and excellent results have been obtained

Measurement and Study of Radioactive Radon Gas Concentrations in the Selected Samples of River Hilla / Iraq

In this study measuring concentrations of radon in water for Hilla province of Babylon (100 Km) south of capital Baghdad. Was chosen as the water River Hilla study by 88 sample from 22 regions by using the electronic radon detector RAD7, and the average concentration of radon in the Hilla River (0.103 ± 0.057) Bq.L-1 , where the highest value (0.181 ± 0.07) Bq.L-1 and the lowest value (0.036 ± 0.05) Bq.L-1 and effective dose for the current study of the importance Has been chosen this subject of .1-human exposure to radon was (0.45) mSv.yof water in human life and living, and the lack of previous studies in the study area.Keywords: radon concentrations, River Hilla , Annual effective dose, RAD7

Epidemiological Surveillance of Communicable Diseases in Baghdad City during the Period January-April 2006

The records of Primary Health Care Centres (Al-Risafa section of Baghdad) were inspected for communicable diseases during the period January-April 2006. There were 8622 recorded cases (the diagnosis was based on a clinical examination and laboratory findings), which were distributed as 4782 (55.5%), 1430 (16.6%), 1604 (18.6%) and 806 (9.3%) for Sadar city, Risafa, A'adhamyiah and Mada'in, respectively. The highest frequency was reported for chicken pox (42.7%), followed by mumps and typhoid fever (20 and 13.7%, respectively), while diphtheria and cholera were not recorded. These three most frequent diseases were further analyzed, and their distribution showed a significant difference (P ? 0.001). April was the month of the highest recorded cases (48.05%), followed by March (18.8%), January (18.1%) and finally February (14.7%)

Characterizing the properties of sustainable semi-flexible pavement produced with polymer modified bitumen

Semi-Flexible Pavement (SFP) is a composite type of pavement produced by manufacturing of porous asphalt mixes using open graded aggregate gradation to create 20-35% of voids filled with grout (cement paste, cement mortar, etc.….). The resulting pavement has the flexibility of asphalt pavement and some strength of concrete pavement. The current study focused on investigation of using widely available (in Iraq) waste material namely Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to replace the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) partially in grout, also, using Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) to develop Open-Graded Asphalt (OGA) pavement without using cellulous fibre. The study focused on assessment of mechanical properties of the obtained SFP mixes with and without PMB. The results of study showed that using of PMB increased the Marshall Stability up to 100% and indirect tensile strength up to 50%. The Marshall Retained Stability gave about 90% which is quite higher the minimum required limit (70%). The results also revealed that RHA can be used as replacement for the OPC in SFP mixes. All investigated percentages showed satisfactory mechanical properties

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Droplet Evaporation on Heated Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

The evaporation characteristics of sessile droplets on heated hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces are investigated. Results are reported for the evaporation of water droplet volumes covering a range of shapes dominated by surface tension or gravity and over a range of temperatures between 40 and 60 °C. The weight evolution and total time of evaporation is measured using a novel self-contained heating stage on a high resolution analytical balance, which has advantages over visualization measurement techniques as it allows free choice of the initial droplet size and surface and the ability to record the droplet evaporation right through to the final stages of droplet life. Evaporation is modeled through a combination of a constant contact area and a constant contact angle model with the switch from the former to the latter occurring when the contact angle falls below its predetermined receding value. Theoretical results compare well with the experimental results for the hydrophobic substrate. However, a significant deviation is observed for the hydrophilic substrate due to the combined effects of the droplet surface cooling due to evaporation and buoyancy effects that are not included in the model. The proposed method of using the stick–slip model offers a convenient means of modeling droplet evaporation by mimicking the drying modes based on initial measurements of the static and receding contact angles

Rack Level Study of Hybrid Liquid/Air Cooled Servers: The Impact of Flow Distribution and Pumping Configuration on Central Processing Units Temperature

The flow distribution and central processing unit (CPU) temperatures inside a rack of thirty 1 U (single rack unit) Sun Fire V20z servers retrofitted with direct-to-chip liquid cooling and two coolant pumping configuration scenarios (central and distributed) are investigated using the EPANET open source network flow software. The results revealed that the servers in the top of the rack and close to the cooling distribution unit can receive up 30% higher flow rate than the servers in the bottom of the rack, depending on the pumping scenario. This results in a variation in the CPU temperatures depending on the position in the rack. Optimization analysis is carried out and shows that increasing the flow distribution manifold’s dimensions can reduce the flow variation through the servers and increase the total coolant flow rate in the rack by roughly 10%. In addition, activating the small pumps in the direct-to-chip liquid cooling loops inside the servers (distributed pumping) resulted in an increase of 2 °C in the CPU temperatures at the high computational workload