1,329 research outputs found
Learning the fundamental mid-infrared spectral components of galaxies with non-negative matrix factorization
The mid-infrared (MIR) spectra observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) provide a valuable data set for untangling the physical processes and conditions within galaxies. This paper presents the first attempt to blindly learn fundamental spectral components of MIR galaxy spectra, using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). NMF is a recently developed multivariate technique shown to be successful in blind source separation problems. Unlike the more popular multivariate analysis technique, principal component analysis, NMF imposes the condition that weights and spectral components are non-negative. This more closely resembles the physical process of emission in the MIR, resulting in physically intuitive components. By applying NMF to galaxy spectra in the Cornell Atlas of Spitzer/IRS sources, we find similar components amongst different NMF sets. These similar components include two for active galactic nucleus (AGN) emission and one for star formation. The first AGN component is dominated by fine structure emission lines and hot dust, the second by broad silicate emission at 10 and 18 μm. The star formation component contains all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon features and molecular hydrogen lines. Other components include rising continuums at longer wavelengths, indicative of colder grey-body dust emission. We show an NMF set with seven components can reconstruct the general spectral shape of a wide variety of objects, though struggle to fit the varying strength of emission lines. We also show that the seven components can be used to separate out different types of objects. We model this separation with Gaussian mixtures modelling and use the result to provide a classification tool. We also show that the NMF components can be used to separate out the emission from AGN and star formation regions and define a new star formation/AGN diagnostic which is consistent with all MIR diagnostics already in use but has the advantage that it can be applied to MIR spectra with low signal-to-noise ratio or with limited spectral range. The seven NMF components and code for classification are available at https://github.com/pdh21/NMF_software/
Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Optically Faint Extragalactic 70 micron Sources
We present mid-infrared spectra of sixteen optically faint sources with 70
micron fluxes in the range 19-38mJy. The sample spans a redshift range of
0.35<z<1.9, with most lying between 0.8<z<1.6, and has infrared luminosities of
10^{12} - 10^{13} solar luminosities. Ten of 16 objects show prominent
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission features; four of 16 show weak
PAHs and strong silicate absorption, and two objects have no discernable
spectral features. Compared to samples with 24 micron fluxes >10mJy, the 70\um
sample has steeper IR continua and higher luminosities. The PAH dominated
sources are among the brightest starbursts seen at any redshift, and reside in
a redshift range where other selection methods turn up relatively few sources.
The absorbed sources are at higher redshifts and have higher luminosities than
the PAH dominated sources, and may show weaker luminosity evolution. We
conclude that a 70 micron selection extending to ~20mJy, in combination with
selections at mid-IR and far-IR wavelengths, is necessary to obtain a complete
picture of the evolution of IR-luminous galaxies over 0<z<2.Comment: ApJ accepte
The extraordinary mid-infrared spectral properties of FeLoBAL Quasars
We present mid-infrared spectra of six FeLoBAL QSOs at 1<z<1.8, taken with
the Spitzer space telescope. The spectra span a range of shapes, from hot dust
dominated AGN with silicate emission at 9.7 microns, to moderately obscured
starbursts with strong Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) emission. The
spectrum of one object, SDSS 1214-0001, shows the most prominent PAHs yet seen
in any QSO at any redshift, implying that the starburst dominates the mid-IR
emission with an associated star formation rate of order 2700 solar masses per
year. With the caveats that our sample is small and not robustly selected, we
combine our mid-IR spectral diagnostics with previous observations to propose
that FeLoBAL QSOs are at least largely comprised of systems in which (a) a
merger driven starburst is ending, (b) a luminous AGN is in the last stages of
burning through its surrounding dust, and (c) which we may be viewing over a
restricted line of sight range.Comment: ApJ, accepte
HERUS: the far-IR/submm spectral energy distributions of local ULIRGs and photometric atlas
We present the Herschel-SPIRE photometric atlas for a complete flux limited sample of 43 local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), selected at 60 μm by IRAS, as part of the HERschel ULIRG Survey (HERUS). Photometry observations were obtained using the SPIRE instrument at 250, 350, and 500 μm. We describe these observations, present the results, and combine the new observations with data from IRAS to examine the far-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these sources. We fit the observed SEDs of HERUS objects with a simple parametrized modified blackbody model, where temperature and emissivity β are free parameters. We compare the fitted values to those of non-ULIRG local galaxies, and find, in agreement with earlier results, that HERUS ULIRGs have warmer dust (median temperature T = 37.9 ± 4.7 K compared to 21.3 ± 3.4 K) but a similar β distribution (median β = 1.7 compared to 1.8) to the Herschel reference sample (HRS, Cortese et al. 2014) galaxies. Dust masses are found to be in the range of 107.5–109 M⊙, significantly higher than that of HRS sources. We compare our results for local ULIRGs with higher redshift samples selected at 250 and 850 μm. These latter sources generally have cooler dust and/or redder 100-to-250 μm colours than our 60 μm-selected ULIRGs. We show that this difference may in part be the result of the sources being selected at different wavelengths rather than being a simple indication of rapid evolution in the properties of the population
Keck spectroscopy of z=1-3 ULIRGs from the Spitzer SWIRE survey
(Abridged) High-redshift ultra luminous infrared galaxies contribute the bulk
of the cosmic IR background and are the best candidates for very massive
galaxies in formation at z>1.5. We present Keck/LRIS optical spectroscopy of 35
z>1.4 luminous IR galaxies in the Spitzer Wide-area Infra-Red Extragalactic
survey (SWIRE) northern fields (Lockman Hole, ELAIS-N1, ELAIS-N2). The primary
targets belong to the ``IR-peak'' class of galaxies, having the 1.6 micron
(restframe) stellar feature detected in the IRAC Spitzer channels.The spectral
energy distributions of the main targets are thoroughly analyzed, by means of
spectro-photometric synthesis and multi-component fits (stars + starburst dust
+ AGN torus). The IR-peak selection technique is confirmed to successfully
select objects above z=1.4, though some of the observed sources lie at lower
redshift than expected. Among the 16 galaxies with spectroscopic redshift, 62%
host an AGN component, two thirds being type-1 and one third type-2 objects.
The selection, limited to r'<24.5, is likely biased to optically-bright AGNs.
The SEDs of non-AGN IR-peakers resemble those of starbursts (SFR=20-500
Msun/yr) hosted in massive (M>1e11 Msun) galaxies. The presence of an AGN
component provides a plausible explanation for the spectroscopic/photometric
redshift discrepancies, as the torus produces an apparent shift of the peak to
longer wavelengths. These sources are analyzed in IRAC and optical-IR color
spaces. In addition to the IR-peak galaxies, we present redshifts and spectral
properties for 150 objects, out of a total of 301 sources on slits.Comment: Accepted for publications on Astronomy and Astrophysics (acceprance
date March 8th, 2007). 33 pages. The quality of some figures have been
degrade
Far-Infrared Properties of Spitzer-selected Luminous Starbursts
We present SHARC-2 350 micron data on 20 luminous z ~ 2 starbursts with
S(1.2mm) > 2 mJy from the Spitzer-selected samples of Lonsdale et al. and
Fiolet et al. All the sources were detected, with S(350um) > 25 mJy for 18 of
them. With the data, we determine precise dust temperatures and luminosities
for these galaxies using both single-temperature fits and models with power-law
mass--temperature distributions. We derive appropriate formulae to use when
optical depths are non-negligible. Our models provide an excellent fit to the
6um--2mm measurements of local starbursts. We find characteristic
single-component temperatures T1 ~ 35.5+-2.2 K and integrated infrared (IR)
luminosities around 10^(12.9+-0.1) Lsun for the SWIRE-selected sources.
Molecular gas masses are estimated at 4 x 10^(10) Msun, assuming
kappa(850um)=0.15 m^2/kg and a submillimeter-selected galaxy (SMG)-like
gas-to-dust mass ratio. The best-fit models imply >~2 kpc emission scales. We
also note a tight correlation between rest-frame 1.4 GHz radio and IR
luminosities confirming star formation as the predominant power source. The
far-IR properties of our sample are indistinguishable from the purely
submillimeter-selected populations from current surveys. We therefore conclude
that our original selection criteria, based on mid-IR colors and 24 um flux
densities, provides an effective means for the study of SMGs at z ~ 1.5--2.5.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, edited to match published version in ApJ 717,
29-39 (2010
Star Formation Rates from [C II] 158 μm and Mid-infrared Emission Lines for Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei
A summary is presented for 130 galaxies observed with the Herschel Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer instrument to measure fluxes for the [C II] 158 μm emission line. Sources cover a wide range of active galactic nucleus to starburst classifications, as derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon strength measured with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. Redshifts from [C II] and line to continuum strengths (equivalent width (EW) of [C II]) are given for the full sample, which includes 18 new [C II] flux measures. Calibration of L([C II)]) as a star formation rate (SFR) indicator is determined by comparing [C II] luminosities with mid-infrared [Ne II] and [Ne III] emission line luminosities; this gives the same result as determining SFR using bolometric luminosities of reradiating dust from starbursts: log SFR = log L([C II)]) - 7.0, for SFR in M ⊙ yr-1 and L([C II]) in L ⊙. We conclude that L([C II]) can be used to measure SFR in any source to a precision of ~50%, even if total source luminosities are dominated by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) component. The line to continuum ratio at 158 μm, EW([C II]), is not significantly greater for starbursts (median EW([C II]) = 1.0 μm) compared to composites and AGNs (median EW([C II]) = 0.7 μm), showing that the far-infrared continuum at 158 μm scales with [C II] regardless of classification. This indicates that the continuum at 158 μm also arises primarily from the starburst component within any source, giving log SFR = log νL ν(158 μm) - 42.8 for SFR in M ⊙ yr-1 and νL ν(158 μm) in erg s-1
A Spitzer high resolution mid-infrared spectral atlas of starburst galaxies
We present an atlas of Spitzer/IRS high resolution (R~600) 10-37um spectra
for 24 well known starburst galaxies. The spectra are dominated by
fine-structure lines, molecular hydrogen lines, and emission bands of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Six out of the eight objects with a known AGN
component show emission of the high excitation [NeV] line. This line is also
seen in one other object (NGC4194) with, a priori, no known AGN component. In
addition to strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission features in this
wavelength range (11.3, 12.7, 16.4um), the spectra reveal other weak
hydrocarbon features at 10.6, 13.5, 14.2um, and a previously unreported
emission feature at 10.75um. An unidentified absorption feature at 13.7um is
detected in many of the starbursts. We use the fine-structure lines to derive
the abundance of neon and sulfur for 14 objects where the HI 7-6 line is
detected. We further use the molecular hydrogen lines to sample the properties
of the warm molecular gas. Several basic diagrams characterizing the properties
of the sample are also shown. We have combined the spectra of all the pure
starburst objects to create a high S/N template, which is available to the
community.Comment: 25 pages (emulate apj), 6 tables, 14 figures, Accepted for
publication in ApJ
Distant ULIRGs in the SWIRE Survey
Covering ~49 square degrees in 6 separate fields, the Spitzer Wide-area InfraRed Extragalactic (SWIRE) Legacy survey has the largest area among Spitzer’s “wedding cake” suite of extragalactic surveys. SWIRE is thus optimized for studies of large scale structure, population studies requiring excellent statistics, and searches for rare objects. We discuss the search for high redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) with SWIRE. We have selected complete samples of F_(24μm) > 200 μJy, optically faint, candidate high redshift (z>1) ULIRGs, based on their mid-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs). These can be broadly categorized as star formation (SF)-dominated, based on the presence of a clear stellar peak at rest frame 1.6μm redshifted into the IRAC bands, or AGN-dominated if the SED rises featureless into the mid-infrared. AGN-dominated galaxies strongly dominate at the brightest 24μm fluxes, while SF-dominated objects rise rapidly in frequency as F_(24) drops, dominating the sample below 0.5 mJy. We derive photometric redshifts and luminosities for SFdominated objects sampling the z~1.2-3 range. Luminosity functions are being derived and compared with submm-selected samples at similar redshifts. The clustering, millimeter and IR spectral properties of the samples have also been investigated
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