Towards an axiomatization of orderings

Ordering;operations research

Developments in currency and banking at the Cape between 1782 and 1825, with an account of contemporary controversies

The investigation that forms the substance of this thesis has been conducted on historical lines. An intensive study of the Currency and Banking developments in the old Cape Colony between the years 1782 and about 1825, reveals the typical currency development from a money economy to a credit economy. Prior to the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were no commercial banks with the result that there was no credit structure built up on a metallic reserve whereby the amount available for trade could have been multiplied several times. This study of the origin and development of the inconvertible paper rixdollar will enable us to form a correct judgement of the various methods adopted to supply the public exigencies, and the effects of such tampering, in destroying the credit as well as the value of the currency. It will be seen that inconvertible notes can be issued without any limit and when the issuers have a free hand, their value depends solely on the moderation of the issue. The inflation of an inconvertible paper currency may be either automatic or deliberate. The authorities may issue increased currency to meet what they believe to be trade demands, but, in fact, they may issue more than enough and the result will be unconscious inflation. The authorities will argue that more currency is needed because prices are rising, while their opponents will contend that prices are rising because too much currency is being issued. Further, this investigation will reveal the dangers of Government Banking and Government interference in the sphere of currency; the ease with which paper is issued and the difficulty of stopping the issue of notes. Inconvertible notes may be limited to an amount which can circulate without any depreciation, but in that case there can be no more of them than there would have been if they had been convertible, and no object is served by their being inconvertible. Generally, it may be said that the immediate cause of resort to inconvertible paper has almost always been the pressure of public finance. Funds must be raised in some way, and an additional issue of inconvertible notes affords the easiest, though not the best, method of raising them. Such issues lead eventually to uncertainty, discredit and depreciation, which harm the nation's credit and disorganise trade

Observational evidences of strain-induced periodic stratification (SIPS) in the Gualdalquivir Estuary

http://isms.gal/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/eof-libro-abstracts-definitivo.pdfThe G&M14 stratification-circulation diagram allows to classify estuaries on the basis of river flow and tidal forcing in terms of the freshwater Froude number and a mixing parameter that accounts for the vertical structure of the water column [Geyer & MacCready, 2014]. In this study, instead of computing these parameters for the whole estuary as was originally proposed by these authors, both are computed locally, at different stretches along the Guadalquivir estuary. The analysis is based on the data collected at 21 stations in a 3 year continuous monitoring campaign (2008–2011), during which the estuary experienced a wide range of environmental conditions [Navarro et al., 2011]. Remarkably, the results reveal that conditions in the inner stretches fall most of the time in the Strain-Induced Periodic Stratification (SIPS) regime mapped in the G&M14 diagram [Simpson et al., 1990]. Near the mouth, the estuary is mostly partially-mixed. Freshwater discharges may shift the state of the lower stretches toward a salt-wedge structure whose location depends strongly on the fresh water volume discharged. Estimates of the Simpson number during the same period confirm this picture. The SIPS regime implies that the covariance between eddy viscosity and vertical shear of the longitudinal current drives part of the subtidal circulation, even more efficiently than the classical gravitational circulation does [Burchard & Hetland, 2010]. This may have a significant impact on the estuarine suspended matter distribution. Results further point out the limitations of estuarine classification of estuarine systems as a whole on the basis of stratification-circulation diagrams. Even spatially close stretches may transit different regions of the G&M14 diagram. A specific stretch of an estuary may change its structure and its state in the stratification-circulation diagram may undergo large excursions under changing environmental conditions

Efficient balancing of q-ary sequences with parallel decoding

Abstract: Balancing of q-ary sequences, using a generalization of Knuth’s efficient parallel balancing scheme, is considered. It is shown that the new general scheme is as simple as the original binary scheme, which lends itself to parallel decoding of the balanced sequences

An interacting quark-diquark model of baryons

A simple quark-diquark model of baryons with direct and exchange interactions is constructed. Spectrum and form factors are calculated and compared with experimental data. Advantages and disadvantages of the model are discussed.Comment: 13 pages, 3 eps-figures, accepted by Phys.Rev. C Rapid Communication

Soft-core meson-baryon interactions. II. πN\pi N and K+NK^+ N scattering

The $\pi N$ potential includes the t-channel exchanges of the scalar-mesons $\sigma$ and f_0, vector-meson $\rho$, tensor-mesons f_2 and f_2' and the Pomeron as well as the s- and u-channel exchanges of the nucleon N and the resonances $\Delta$, Roper and S_{11}. These resonances are not generated dynamically. We consider them as, at least partially, genuine three-quark states and we treat them in the same way as the nucleon. The latter two resonances were needed to find the proper behavior of the phase shifts at higher energies in the corresponding partial waves. The soft-core $\pi N$-model gives an excellent fit to the empirical $\pi N$ S- and P-wave phase shifts up to T_{lab}=600 MeV. Also the scattering lengths have been reproduced well and the soft-pion theorems for low-energy $\pi N$ scattering are satisfied. The soft-core model for the $K^+ N$ interaction is an SU_f(3)-extension of the soft-core $\pi N$-model. The $K^+ N$ potential includes the t-channel exchanges of the scalar-mesons a_0, $\sigma$ and f_0, vector-mesons $\rho$, $\omega$ and $\phi$, tensor-mesons a_2, f_2 and f_2' and the Pomeron as well as u-channel exchanges of the hyperons $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$. The fit to the empirical $K^+ N$ S-, P- and D-wave phase shifts up to T_{lab}=600 MeV is reasonable and certainly reflects the present state of the art. Since the various $K^+ N$ phase shift analyses are not very consistent, also scattering observables are compared with the soft-core $K^+ N$-model. A good agreement for the total and differential cross sections as well as the polarizations is found.Comment: 24 pages, 20 PostScript figures, revtex4, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Urban and rural differences in child injury deaths in South Africa: A one-year review

Injury, a major cause of morbidity and mortality for children worldwide, is concentrated in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the growing rate of childhood injury in LMICs, effective prevention and control remain inadequate owing to the lack of comprehensive epidemiological information on the external causes and magnitude of this problem. This population based study examined whether the incidence and the pattern of fatal injuries among children differ in rural and urban areas of South Africa. The National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS) was used to select cases for the period of 2007. Age and gender-specific incidence rates for rural and urban children were computed for specific injury types. Following a cross-sectional method, we analysed all deaths among children below 15 years of age in Gauteng (urban) and Mpumalanga (rural) who died in 2007. For the year 2007, NIMSS recorded a total of 612 injury deaths among children in Mpumalanga (rural) and another 1 400 injury deaths among children in Gauteng (urban). Equally high overall injury death rates were found among children from Gauteng (31.7/100 000) and Mpumalanga (29.2/100 000). The study also revealed several differences with respect to the primary external causes of child injury-related deaths across the two provinces. In particular, passenger related motor vehicle deaths were more evident among children in rural areas than in urban areas, while other unintentional (non-transport-related) deaths – specifically those associated with burns – were more common among urban children than among rural children.Such differences may arise because of the many environmental and infrastructure-related differences that exist between rural and urban areas. Therefore, prevention and intervention efforts in South Africa should focus on the risk factors that are unique to urban and rural children respectively.Keywords: childhood, urban, rural, death

Die wese van godsdienssin - ’n empiriese studie

In this article the following issues concerning the essence of religiosity are considered: faith, trust, decision making, knowledge of principles, commitment, direction, hope, peace, meaning and security. The respondents used in this study were politicians, businessmen and teacher educators from all sectors and regions of South Africa. Higher order factor analysis and item analysis were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Subsequently differential differences were investigated by applying Hotelling's T-square test followed by the Student t-test as well as Multivariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe. Significant differences in the degree of religiosity were found between language and religious groups, as well as between respondents with different educational qualifications and between those living in urban and rural areas. Ministers of religion should note that it is essential to guide believers to a greater commitment and to the religious seeking of meaning and peace. The correct knowledge of and insight into the essence of religiosity will lead to attaining this goal