Breast Cancer Case Using Tamoxifen during Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review

This is a case of 32 years old nulliparous female who was diagnosed  in November 2004 as a case of carcinoma of the right breast , luminal A , (Estrogen Receptor positive Progesterone receptor negative, Her 2 negative, Ki67 10 %), poorly differentiated invasive ductal cancer, TNM stage,T2 N0 MO.  She had a wide local excision and axillary clearance. As she is a case of low risk early stage luminal A breast cancer; she was not given chemotherapy, instead she had a course of external irradiation and was put on Tamoxifen (Astra Zeneca, 20 mg daily), and was advised not to get pregnant during this treatment,but she got pregnant and delivered normally a healthy infant, although Tamoxifen is potentially teratogenic

Unconventional oilseeds and oil sources

Unconventional Oilseeds and New Oil Sources: Chemistry and Analysis is presented in three parts, with each section dedicated to different types of oil sources. Part One deals with plants (vegetable, herbs, shrubs), such as Hibiscus, Mexican Poppy, Cucumber, Squashes, Sesame, etc. Part Two presents unconventional oils found in trees (like Balanites aegyptiaca, Annona squamosal and Catunaregam nilotica), and Part Three deals with new oils found in insects, as in the water melon bug and sorghum bug. This book will be of interest to researchers in oilseed production, research and development personnel, food scientists, plant breeders, product development personnel, and government agency personnel involved in the production, transportation, distribution, and processing of oilseeds

Evaluation of Guiera senegalenses on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Among Sudanese Adult Patients

Guiera senegalensis (GS) reflects the reduced glucose exposure of erythrocytes over a preceding time frame proportional to erythrocyte survival. GS is thus an anti-diabetic function of the glucose-time curve, an educationally useful concept to aid teaching and clinical judgment. Sixty-one newly diagnosed patients with an average age of 48.2 years and a weight of 64.9 kg have participated in the study. Participants were significantly different in their educational, socioeconomic levels, and most of them have no family history of diabetes. To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of GS, the patients were divided into four groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4) and treated with four different doses of the aqueous extract of the herb ( 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Oz of GS boiled for 10 minutes in 0.5-liter water). The experiment has lasted for five days for each group, and the blood glucose level of the patients was checked using GOD–POD method, at fasting (FBS), and following two hours after the breakfast (RBS). Another group of 30 patients (control) received Douniel drug (5mg/day/person) instead of the GS herb extract and checked for glucose level with the same procedure mentioned above. The results revealed that blood glucose level (mg/dl) for all patients lowered by 9% after every 24 hours of the treatment and by 35% at the end of the treatment. The average fasting and random blood glucose levels were significantly (P<0.001) reduced from 326.21 and 322.95 mg/dl at the start of the treatment to 213.57 and 202.87 mg/dl sequentially at the end of the treatment. The herb significantly (P<0.001) reduced the blood glucose levels, however, with negligible side effects (vomiting on two patients of group G4). Similar hypoglycemic effects on random blood sugar for both the herb extract and Daniel drugs noticed. However, the average fasting blood glucose level of patients treated with herb extract (266.21 mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.001) lower than that of patients treated with the Daniel drug (280.47 mg/dl). Accordingly, the action of this herb may be similar to that of Douniel drug. However, it might have more prolonged action than Douniel. The study strongly recommends GS as a potential herb for the treatment of type II diabetes

Investigation of factors affecting development of browning during Maillard reaction of gelatin

The development of browning of gelatin and hydrolyzate is affected by the reaction conditions of during xylose-induced Maillard reaction. Change in browning index increases with degradation of enzyme, concentration of xylose, presence of Cu and Fe ions and increase in type of reaction. However, increase in concentration of Cu ion above 2.5mM lack significant effect on change in browning index of gelatin hydrolysate. The discrimination of gelatin is achievable in the first 6 hr of reaction time. There was high increase in browning index of fish hydrolyzate compared to that of mammalian source. This approach will found useful for development of rapid and cheap UV-spectroscopic method for Halal authentication. Contribution: We have investigated the use of UV-spectroscopy for development of protocol for specie specific gelatin authentication for halal industrial. The transformation of gelatin during xylose-induced browning reaction was adequately described using change in browning index

The potential of date palm kernel oil (PDNP2)

Currently, many oil sources mainly from plants that produce oil have been identified; however the potential of some of them as oil sources has not been assessed. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is considered to be one of the oldest cultivatable crops. It has been the old food and chief source of wealth in the irrigable desert from ancient times. The date palm kernels (DPK) considered a waste product of many date processing plants producing pitted dates, date syrup and date confectionery. Direct consumption of dates is also considered as a source of DPK. This study was carried out on DPK to clarify their proximate characteristics of the extracted oil. A laboratory scale for extraction of DPK oil was conducted using two types of DPK which were Deglect Noor oil (DPKDNO) and Moshkan (DPKMO). The extracted oil was then analyzed for color, refractive index, iodine value (IV), Saponification value (SV), unsaponifiable matters and total phenolic content as well as some other quality parameters such as acid value (AV) & free fatty acid (FFA) content, and peroxide value(PV). Generally the DPK of Deglect Noor found to have high oil content (9.67%) compared to Moshkan which has 7.30% oil. The color of crude oil was found to be 5.6R, 25Y and 0.2 blue (Brownish) for DPKDNO while 2.3R and 36Y (Yellowish) for DPKMO using Lovibond tentometer. IV and SV for DPKDNO & DPKMO were found to be 51.6 & 54.8 and 216.3 & 207.8, respectively. The unsapoinfiable matter in both oils are almost same which ranged between 0.8 - 1.4%. Total phenolic content in both oils was also in the same range of 0.96 - 0.98 mg/ml Gallic acid equivalent. The oil compositions that been tested including fatty acid composition using GC-MS showed that the oleic acid is the main unsaturated fatty acid in both varieties (38.5 & 41.6%) while the main saturated fatty acid is lauric acid which was found to be 23.2 and 18.5% for DPKDNO and DPKMO, respectively. Other types of fatty acids such as palmitic, myristic, stearic and linoleic were also found in both varieties. Thus, the initiation study of this project may generate a new source of special oil which could be able to support the global demands of Halal source of specialty oil as cosmetic ingredient since it had been proven that it has antiwrinkle effect and is therefore of interest in antiaging skin care products

The potential of date palm kernel oil

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is considered to be one of the oldest cultivatable crops. The date palm kernels(DPK) considered a waste product of many date processing plants producing pitted dates, date syrup and date confectionery. Direct consumption of dates is also considered as a source of DPK. This study was carried out on DPK to clarify their proximate characteristics of the extracted oil. A laboratory scale for extraction of DPK oil was conducted using two types of DPK which were Deglect Noor oil(DPKDNO)and Moshkan (DPKMO). The extracted oil was then analyzed for color, refractive index, iodinevalue (IV), Saponification value (SV), unsaponifiable matters and total phenolic content as well as some other quality parameters such as acid value(AV) & free fatty acid (FFA)content, and peroxide value (PV). Generally the DPK of Deglect Noor found to have high oil content(9.67%) compared to Moshkan which has 7.30% oil. The color of crude oil was found to be 5.6R, 25Y and 0.2 blue (Brownish) for DPKDNO while 2.3R and 36Y (Yellowish) for DPKMO using Lovibond tentometer. IV and SV for DPKDNO & DPKMO were found to be 51. 6 & 54.8 and 216. 3 & 207.8, respectively. The unsapoinfiable matter in both oils are almost same which ranged between 0.8-1.4%. Total phenolic content in both oils was also in the same range of 0.96 -0.98 mg/ml Gallic acid equivalent. The fatty acid composition using GC-MS showed that oleic acid is the main unsaturated fatty acid in both varieties(38.5&41.6%)while the main saturated fatty acid is lauric acid which was found to be 23.2 and 18.5% for DPKDNO and DPKMO, respectively. Other types of fatty acids such as palmitic, myristic, stearic and linoleic were also found in both varieties. Thus, the initiation study of this project may generate a new source of special oil which could be able to support the global demands of Halal source of specialy oil as cosmetic ingredient since it had been proven that it has anti-wrinkle effect and is therefore of interest in anti aging skincare products

Is the fish oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction(SCFE) healthy?

Fish oils are a rich natural source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those of the omega-3 series, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahezanenoic acid (DHA). Looking for natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids, designing new methods and developing better extraction methods for obtaining omega-3 fatty acid and trying to include omega-3 fatty acids in food product of regular consumption are really demanding and challenging tasks. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the Design Expert (Version 6.0.8) was employed to study the main interaction effects of extraction condition from SC-CO2 on the fish oil yield. The result showed that the highest extraction oil yield was 4.51% and 5.07% for two types of fish, which obtained with temperature, pressure and extraction time at 55 ºC, 300 bars, and 80 min, respectively. The fatty acid composition of the extracted fish oil was determined using GC/MS showed that saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were presented in the extracted oil. Two of monounsaturated fatty acids found in the two types of extracted fish oil, which were palmitoleic acid and oleic acid. Omega-6 fatty acid family (arachidonic) and omega-3 (EPA and DHA) were also found in both of them. The chemical properties of the fish oil including acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV) and peroxide value (PV) were also investigated. The results were found to be 9.47±2.2 mg KOH/g oil, 235 ± 5.7 mg KOH/g, 138±2.35 g I/100g oil and 13.8 meq/kg, for AV, SV, IV, and PV, respectively. It was observed that though most of the results obtained were tolerable to the standard values, however some were outside the normal range especially PV that indicated such oxidation was going on. The result of AV (9.47) also indicated such hydrolysis of oil was on. Although the extracted fish oil using SCFE is pure but the question rose is it healthy

Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of intramuscular quinine in Tanzanian children with severe Falciparum malaria.

Although artesunate is clearly superior, parenteral quinine is still used widely for the treatment of severe malaria. A loading-dose regimen has been recommended for 30 years but is still often not used. A population pharmacokinetic study was conducted with 75 Tanzanian children aged 4 months to 8 years with severe malaria who received quinine intramuscularly; 69 patients received a loading dose of 20 mg quinine dihydrochloride (salt)/kg of body weight. Twenty-one patients had plasma quinine concentrations detectable at baseline. A zero-order absorption model with one-compartment disposition pharmacokinetics described the data adequately. Body weight was the only significant covariate and was implemented as an allometric function on clearance and volume parameters. Population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates (and percent relative standard errors [%RSE]) of elimination clearance, central volume of distribution, and duration of zero-order absorption were 0.977 liters/h (6.50%), 16.7 liters (6.39%), and 1.42 h (21.5%), respectively, for a typical patient weighing 11 kg. Quinine exposure was reduced at lower body weights after standard weight-based dosing; there was 18% less exposure over 24 h in patients weighing 5 kg than in those weighing 25 kg. Maximum plasma concentrations after the loading dose were unaffected by body weight. There was no evidence of dose-related drug toxicity with the loading dosing regimen. Intramuscular quinine is rapidly and reliably absorbed in children with severe falciparum malaria. Based on these pharmacokinetic data, a loading dose of 20 mg salt/kg is recommended, provided that no loading dose was administered within 24 h and no routine dose was administered within 12 h of admission. (This study has been registered with Current Controlled Trials under registration number ISRCTN 50258054.)