Temperature Effects on Development of Three Cereal Aphid Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

Temperature is an important climatological variable that influences the biology and ecology of insects. Poor climatic adaptation can limit the effectiveness of parasitic insects in biological control. Two exotic parasites (Syrian Diaeretiella rapae (M\u27Intosh) and Argentinean Aphidius colemani Viereck) imported for biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and one native parasite (Diaeretiella rapae) were reared in growth chambers in three fluctuating temperature regimes with average daily temperatures of 12, 18, and 24°C. Estimates of temperature thresholds for immature development were 3.3, 3.5, and 2.8°C, for Oklahoman D. rapae, Syrian D. rapae, and A. colemani, respectively. Estimates of thermal require- ments for development from egg to adult were 297, 278, and 301 degree-days for the three parasitoids. Dry weights of adults reared in different fluctuating temperature regimes did not differ significantly among sexes, but adults from regimes with low average temperatures of 12 and 18°C had significantly greater weights than those reared in a regime with an average temperature of 24°C. Results suggest that developmental response to temperature will not limit the effectiveness of the exotic parasites in biological control

The Management Alternatives for Control of Nonpoint Nitrate Pollution of Municipal Water Supply Sources

Regional water management aims at satisfying different supply interests, where these interests are often conflicting. In particular, the competing interests of agriculture, the environment, and municipal water supply, are becoming increasingly important. In this setting of regional water management, nonpoint nitrate pollution of municipal water supply sources is one of the most severe problems. At present, this problem is particularly acute in developed regions with high levels of fertilizer application, but undoubtedly in the future, regions which are now in a developing stage will also face the same problem. So far, related research at IIASA has been concentrated in Task 3 of the Resources and Environment Area on "Environmental Problems of Agriculture." This work has dealt in particular with agricultural-environmental processes as they are related to crop production and thus has also provided insight into the important role of agriculture in the nitrogen cycle. Yet another side of the problem remains to be considered, and this is related to water supply and management. This paper therefore proposes a study on management alternatives for control of nonpoint pollution of municipal water supply sources. The study aims at integration of the already initiated studies on "Environmental Problems of Agriculture" with IIASA's water management research. At the same time, due to the role of agriculture in this study, the study will be integrated with IIASA's Food and Agriculture Program investigations. Moreover, because of the need for modeling techniques in analyzing the problem in question, the study will utilize the research results of IIASA's activities on ecological and water quality modeling and the research pursued by the Systems and Decision Sciences Area at IIASA. Due to the importance of the problem for the majority of IIASA's National Member Organizations an international study involving IIASA and several institutions of different NMO countries is proposed. Therefore, the paper has been written in a specific form and is to be considered a tentative plan for collaboration within and outside IIASA in order to achieve more comprehensive research results. We would therefore like to ask our readers for any comments, remarks, or suggestions that could help to improve the course of our future activities

Operation of Multiple Reservoir Systems: A Case Study of the Upper Vistula System (An Introduction)

Water resource systems have been an important part of resources and environment related research at IIASA since its inception. As demands for water increase relative to supply, the intensity and efficiency of water resources management must be developed further. This in turn requires an increase in the degree of detail and sophistication of the analysis, including economic, social and environmental evaluation of water resources development alternatives aided by application of mathematical modeling techniques, to generate inputs for planning, design, and operational decisions. During the year of 1978 it was decided that parallel to the continuation of demand studies, an attempt would be made to integrate the results of our studies on water demands with water supply considerations. This new task was named "Regional Water Management" (Task 1, Resources and Environment Area). This paper is concerned with operational decision-making in the existing multiple reservoir systems. Following a short description of the case system, three different approaches to optimization of the system's operation are presented. First, the three-step stochastic implicit approach; second, the simulation approach; and third, the approach based on the concepts of hierarchical control systems. Distinction is made between the long-term reservoir operation rules and the short-term operational decisions using the real-time forecasts of reservoir inflows and water demands. The paper is part of a collaborative study on the operation of the Upper Vistula multiple reservoir system in Poland, carried out by the Institute for Meteorology and Water Management, Warsaw, Poland and IIASA

Multiple Sedimentary Sequences, Bird Tracks and Lagoon Beaches in Last Interglacial Oolites, Boiling Hole, North Eleuthera Island, Bahamas

Our review of the last interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e) stratigraphic record from the Boiling Hole exposure in northern Eleuthera Island, Bahamas, revealed the occurrence of two vertically stacked shallowing-upward sequences of oolitic coastal deposits showing beach facies at about 3 and 6 m above mean sea level, respectively. These beach strata dip towards the bank interior and the upper one includes a paleosurface on top of an oolitic grainstone bed with a 2-m-long bird trackway. These fossil beaches correspond to two distinctive sea-level highstands during the last interglacial that could have possibly reached +5 and +8 m above modem datum, respectively, if estimates of regional subsidence are indeed correct. The bird footprints are the first reported occurrence of vertebrate trace fossils from the Bahama Archipelago. The track maker was probably an extant shorebird belonging to the Order Charadriiformes. Track preservation in an oolitic grainstone is remarkable and may be related to an early phase of halite cementation. Finally, the dip of the beach beds indicates that constituent grains were transported onto the island from the bank side by a westerly flux opposite to the modem sediment transport direction in the area

Parenteral amino acids v. dextrose infusion: an anabolic strategy to minimise the catabolic response to surgery while maintaining normoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients

Loss of body protein and hyperglycaemia represent typical features of the stress response to surgery and anaesthesia. This appears to be particularly pronounced in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. The aim of the present study was to highlight the greater benefit of amino acids (AA) as represented by positive protein balance and maintenance of blood glucose homoeostasis compared with dextrose (DEX) in diabetic patients after colorectal surgery. A total of thirteen patients underwent a 5h stable isotope infusion study (2h fasted, 3h fed with an infusion of AA (n 6) or DEX (n 7)) on the second post-operative day. Glucose and protein kinetics were assessed by using the stable isotopes l-[1-13C]leucine and [6,6-2H2]glucose. The transition from fasted to fed state decreased endogenous glucose production (P<0·001) in both groups, with a more profound effect in the DEX group (P=0·031). In contrast, total glucose production was increased by the provision of DEX while being lowered by AA (P=0·021). Feeding decreased protein oxidation (P=0·009) and protein synthesis in the AA group, whereas DEX infusion did not affect oxidation and even decreased protein synthesis. Therefore, only AA shifted protein balance to a positive value, while patients in the DEX group remained in a catabolic state (P<0·001). Parenteral nutritional support with AA rather than with DEX is an effective strategy to achieve a positive protein balance while maintaining normoglycaemia in diabetic patients after colorectal surger

Health-related quality of life in patients with a germline BRCA mutation and metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving maintenance olaparib

Qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut; Olaparib; Càncer de pàncreesCalidad de vida relacionada con la salud; Olaparib, Cáncer de páncreasHealth-related quality of life; Olaparib; Pancreatic cancerBackground Patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer often have a detriment in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In the randomized, double-blind, phase III POLO trial progression-free survival was significantly longer with maintenance olaparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, than placebo in patients with a germline BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation (gBRCAm) and metastatic pancreatic cancer whose disease had not progressed during first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. The prespecified HRQoL evaluation is reported here. Patients and methods Patients were randomized to receive maintenance olaparib (300 mg b.i.d.; tablets) or placebo. HRQoL was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30-item module at baseline, every 4 weeks until disease progression, at discontinuation, and 30 days after last dose. Scores ranged from 0 to 100; a ≥10-point change or difference between arms was considered clinically meaningful. Adjusted mean change from baseline was analysed using a mixed model for repeated measures. Time to sustained clinically meaningful deterioration (TSCMD) was analysed using a log-rank test. Results Of 154 randomized patients, 89 of 92 olaparib-arm and 58 of 62 placebo-arm patients were included in HRQoL analyses. The adjusted mean change in Global Health Status (GHS) score from baseline was <10 points in both arms and there was no significant between-group difference [−2.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) −7.27, 2.33; P = 0.31]. Analysis of physical functioning scores showed a significant between-group difference (−4.45 points; 95% CI −8.75, −0.16; P = 0.04). There was no difference in TSCMD for olaparib versus placebo for GHS [P = 0.25; hazard ratio (HR) 0.72; 95% CI 0.41, 1.27] or physical functioning (P = 0.32; HR 1.38; 95% CI 0.73, 2.63). Conclusions HRQoL was preserved with maintenance olaparib treatment with no clinically meaningful difference compared with placebo. These results support the observed efficacy benefit of maintenance olaparib in patients with a gBRCAm and metastatic pancreatic cancer.This study was sponsored by AstraZeneca and is part of an alliance between AstraZeneca and MSD (no grant number). This research was funded in part through the NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30-17 CA008748

Geology of New Providence Island, Bahamas: A Field Trip Guide

See other Smith authored Field Trip Guides of Gerace Research Centre

Oxygen isotope analyses of Equus teeth evidences early Eemian and early Weichselian palaeotemperatures at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Neumark-Nord 2, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

We thank Annabell Reiner (MPI-EVA) for technical and practical support with preparation of samples and Bernd Steinhilber for the oxygen isotope measurements of the silver phosphate samples at the Institut für Geowissenschaften (Universität Tübingen); Thanks to the Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Sachsen-Anhalt, and Landesmuseum Sachsen-Anhalt in Halle for providing samples; and to Geoff Smith (RGZM Monrepos and MPI-EVA) for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Financial support for the Neumark-Nord 2 excavations was provided by the Lausitzer Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlengesellschaft mbH, the Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt (Harald Meller, Susanne Friederich), the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, the Leids Universiteits Fonds “Campagne voor Leiden” program and the NetherlandsOrganization for Scientific Research (N.W.O.). The isotope research was funded by the Max Planck Institute and a Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst Junior Research Grant to KB (ref: A0970923). Thanks also to the University of Aberdeen, and The Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2017-410) for financial and professional support during this project and preparation of the manuscript. TT acknowledges funding by the German National Science foundation in the framework of the Emmy Noether Program (DFG grant TU 148/2-1 “Bone Geochemistry”).Peer reviewedPostprin

A Logical Verification Methodology for Service-Oriented Computing

We introduce a logical verification methodology for checking behavioural properties of service-oriented computing systems. Service properties are described by means of SocL, a branching-time temporal logic that we have specifically designed to express in an effective way distinctive aspects of services, such as, e.g., acceptance of a request, provision of a response, and correlation among service requests and responses. Our approach allows service properties to be expressed in such a way that they can be independent of service domains and specifications. We show an instantiation of our general methodology that uses the formal language COWS to conveniently specify services and the expressly developed software tool CMC to assist the user in the task of verifying SocL formulae over service specifications. We demonstrate feasibility and effectiveness of our methodology by means of the specification and the analysis of a case study in the automotive domain

DS-2 Mars Microprobe Battery

In January of 1999 the NM DS-2 Mars microprobe will be launched to impact on Mars in December. The technical objectives of the missions are to demonstrate: key technologies, a passive atmospheric entry, highly integrated microelectronics which can withstand both low temperatures and high decelerations, and the capability to conduct in-situ, surface and subsurface science data acquisition. The scientific objectives are to determine if ice is present below the Martian surface, measure the local atmospheric pressure, characterize the thermal properties of the martian subsurface soil, and to estimate the vertical temperature gradient of the Martian soil. The battery requirements are 2-4 cell batteries, with voltage of 6-14 volts, capacity of 550 mAh at 80C, and 2Ah at 25C, shelf life of 2.5 years, an operating temperature of 60C and below, and the ability to withstand shock impact of 80,000 g's. The technical challenges and the approach is reviewed. The Li-SOCL2 system is reviewed, and graphs showing the current and voltage is displayed, along with the voltage over discharge time. The problems encountered during the testing were: (1) impact sensitivity, (2) cracking of the seals, and (3) delay in voltage. A new design resulted in no problems in the impact testing phase. The corrective actions for the seal problems involved: (1) pre weld fill tube, (2) an improved heat sink during case to cover weld and (3) change the seal dimensions to reduce stress. To correct the voltage delay problem the solutions involved: (1) drying the electrodes to reduce contamination by water, (2) assemblage of the cells within a week of electrode manufacture, (3) ensure electrolyte purity, and (4) provide second depassivation pulse after landing. The conclusions on further testing were that the battery can: (1) withstand anticipated shock of up to 80,000 g, (2) meet the discharge profile post shock at Mars temperatures, (3) meet the required self discharge rate and (4) meet environmental requirements