INTERFERON-ALPHA SIGNALING PATHWAY IN THE SENSORY AUDITORY NEUROEPITHELIAL CELLS

The current study investigated the effect of interferon-á (IFN-á) on the cochlear cell line to shed light on the mechanisms by which interferon alpha may affect hearing. HEI-OC1 cell line and real time-PCR were used to determine the expression of those genes that might be involved in these mechanisms. Dose- (20, 40, & 80 U/ml) and time-dependent experiment-1 did not show significant alteration in gene expression associated with the stimulations of the IFN-á receptors. Therefore, a second experiment was planned. A 3 X 4 factorial design, consisting of three treatment conditions (0, 200 & 2000U/ml) and four time-points (6, 12, 24 & 48 Hrs), was employed. The results of experiment-2 revealed that significant differential expression of inflammatory genes, immune response genes and apoptotic genes is found in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This outcome indicates that IFN-á treatment led to initiation of an inflammatory response, an immune response and apoptosis of the cochlear cells, which was confirmed by a reduction in cell viability. The immune response was the most pronounced response; whereas inflammatory the apoptotic responses were transient. Therefore, the current in-vitro study indicates that the inflammatory response, the immune response and apoptosis might be the underlying mechanisms involved in the hearing impairment previously reported in patients under IFN-á therapy. These results imply that pre-treatment hearing evaluation as well as close monitoring of hearing function in patients undergoing long-term high-dose of IFN-á therapy are necessary to avoid or to minimize its adverse effect on hearing. The results also indicate that there is a need for further investigation of other markers that might be involved in signaling pathways of IFN-á, including markers for intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and antiapoptotic markers as well as markers for necrosis. This information might open an avenue for therapeutic intervention that can protect the inner ear from the ototoxic effect of some medications in general and IFN-á in particular and treat some immune-mediated inner ear disorders. In addition, this information might help in identifying novel diagnostic markers for vulnerability, severity, and outcomes of any cochlear pathology

Flexural Behavior of Unbounded Pre-stressed Beams Modified With Carbon Nanotubes under Elevated Temperature

Since fire is one of the common reasons for rehabilitation and reconstructions during the service life of a building, it is necessary to assess the elements structural and technical conditions. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the flexural behavior in bending for unbounded full pre-stressed beams with and without the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under the exposure to elevated temperature in comparison with non-pre-stressed beams. The test Method was divided into two major stages where the principal stage’s goal was considering the flexural behavior of fully and non-prestressed concrete beams containing CNT of 0 and 0.04% as cement replacement at ambient temperature. In the second stage, a typical group of beams was prepared and the flexural behavior was explored under the exposure to temperature of 400ºC, for 120 minutes. The major findings upon monitoring the failure mechanisms, ultimate load capacity, and deflection at critical sections, was that the CNT had shown a significant impact on the behavior and extreme resistance of fully and non-prestressed normal concrete. With CNT beams also exhibited higher imperviousness to high-temperature than that of the normal beams. Finally the significant Improvement was that the ultimate load of the non-pre-stressed beam with the presence of the CNT at the lower 50mm in the tension zone showed a gain of 13%, while the ultimate load of the fully pre-stressed beam with the presence of the CNT at the lower 50mm in the tension zone showed a gain of 21% as compared to the same beam without CNT, respectively. For the non-pre-stressed beams, the load capacity of the beam with CNT after exposure had a similar load capacity as the beam without CNT before exposure to high temperature

Molecular characterization of cytochrome P450 1B1 and effect of benzo(a) pyrene on its expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) family enzymes are most active in hydroxylating a variety of environmental contaminants including Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), planar polychlorinated biphenyls and arylamines. CYP1B which belongs to the cytochrome  P450 superfamily of genes, is involved in the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous compounds, and could potentially be a useful biomarker in fish for exposure to arylhydrocarbon receptors (AhR) ligands. In this study, a new complementary   DNA (cDNA) of the CYP1B subfamily encoding 1B1 was isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) liver after intracoelomic injection with benzo (a) pyrene (BaP). The full-length cDNA was 2107 base pair (bp) long and contained a 5' noncoding region of 29 bp, an open reading frame of 1527 bp coding for 508 amino acids and a stop codon, and a 3' noncoding region of 551 bp, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of Nile tilapia CYP1B1 shows similarities of 79.7, 70.3, 65.7, 65.4, 65.0, and 63.7% with Plaice CYP1B1, Japanese eel CYP1B1, zebra fish CYP1B1, common carp CYP1B1, common carp CYP1B2 and  Channel catfish CYP1B1, respectively. The phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences clearly shows tilapia CYP1B1  and Plaice CYP1B1 to be more closely related to each other than to the other CYP1B subfamilies. Furthermore, real-time PCR  was used for measuring BaP induction of CYP1B1 mRNA in different organs of tilapia (O. niloticus), using β-actin gene as internal control, and the results revealed that there was a large increase in CYP1B1 mRNA in liver (22.8), intestine (2.0) and muscles (1.3).Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, benzo (a) pyrene, CYP1B1 cDNA, sequence analysis, real-time PCR

A review of size and geometrical factors influencing resonant frequencies in metamaterials

Although metamaterials and so-called left-handed media have originated from theoretical considerations, it is only by their practical fabrication and the measurement of their properties that they have gained credibility and can fulfil the potential of their predicted properties. In this review we consider some of the more generally applicable fabrication methods and changes in geometry as they have progressed, exhibiting resonant frequencies ranging from radio waves to the visible optical region

Tegumental alterations in adult Schistosoma Mansoni treated with ethanolic extracts of artemisia annua in vitro

Background: Schistosomasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases with high prevalence with Praziquantel is the only drug available for the treatment and control to which emerging reduced susceptibility in S. mansoni appeared. Objectives: This work studied the tegmental alteration in adult Schistosoma mansoni in response to treatment with ethanolic extracts of Artemisia annua. Materials and methods: About 50 g of the plant parts dry weight was used. After that 1 g of the prepared extract was dissolved in 50 ml of 0.9% saline. 100, 50, 25, 10 & 5 g/mL different concentrations were used for in vitro antischistosomal efficacy. The experiments were conducted on three groups of adult S. mansoni worms. The first group was the negative control group where the adults were incubated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); second group was the positive control group in which adult worms were incubated in 0.1 Praziquantel. The third group was the adult worms in Ethanolic extract of Artemisia annua. The stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopywere used to assess survival and ultramorpphological changes respectively. Results: Significant reduction in the parasites movements and the survival of the adult worms with different extract concentrations which was dose dependent. After 24 h of in vitro incubation of S. mansoni with different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of A. annua various ultramorphological changes were reported comparable to those caused by Praziquantel. Conclusion: A. annua ethanolic extract provided lethal effects on the adult Schistosoma mansoni in vitro with faster and complete effect in the higher concentratio

Modeling Dispersive Coupling and Losses of Localized Optical and Mechanical Modes in Optomechanical Crystals

Periodically structured materials can sustain both optical and mechanical excitations which are tailored by the geometry. Here we analyze the properties of dispersively coupled planar photonic and phononic crystals: optomechanical crystals. In particular, the properties of co-resonant optical and mechanical cavities in quasi-1D (patterned nanobeam) and quasi-2D (patterned membrane) geometries are studied. It is shown that the mechanical Q and optomechanical coupling in these structures can vary by many orders of magnitude with modest changes in geometry. An intuitive picture is developed based upon a perturbation theory for shifting material boundaries that allows the optomechanical properties to be designed and optimized. Several designs are presented with mechanical frequency ~ 1-10 GHz, optical Q-factor Qo > 10^7, motional masses meff 100 femtograms, optomechanical coupling length LOM < 5 microns, and a radiation-limited mechanical Q-factor Qm > 10^7.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure

GIZA 11 AND GIZA 12; TWO NEW FLAX DUAL PURPOSE TYPE VARIETIES

Sixteen flax genotypes {13 promising lines and 3 check varieties viz., Giza 8 (oil type), Sakha 1 (dual purpose type) and Sakha 3 (fiber type)} were evaluated for straw, seed, oil yields and their related traits under twelve different environments; four locations (Sakha, Etay El-Baroud, Ismailia and Giza Exp. Stations through three successive seasons (2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14). These materials were evaluated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the twelve above-mentioned environments. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes (G), environments (E) and G x E interaction for all studied traits except straw weight per plant, indicating a wide range of variation among genotypes, environments and these genotypes exhibited differential response to environmental conditions. The significant variance due to residual for all characters except both straw weight per plant and oil yield per fad indicated that genotypes differed with respect to their stability suggesting that prediction would be difficult, which means that mean performance alone would not be appropriate. Interaction component of variance (σ2ge) was less than the genotypic variance (σ2g) for all characters, indicating that genotypes differ in their genetic potential for these traits. This was reflected in high heritability and low discrepancy between phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variability values for these traits indicating the possibility of using each of long fiber percentage, plant height and technical stem length as selection indices for improving straw weight per plant, as well as, using 1000-seed weight and capsules number per plant as selection indices for improving seed weight per plant. Yield stability (YSi) statistic indicated that S.541-C/3 and S.541-D/10 gave high mean performance and stability for straw, fiber, seed and oil yields per fad in addition to oil percentage, capsules number per plant and 1000-seed weight. Therefore, the two genotypes well be released under the name Giza 11 and Giza 12, respectively. These newly released varieties are of dual purpose type for straw, fiber, seed and oil yield. They may replace the low yielding cultivars Giza 8, Sakha 1 and Sakha 3

Development of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus variant strains circulating in Egypt

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a major disease problem for the poultry industry worldwide. The currently used live-attenuated vaccines have the tendency to mutate and/or recombine with circulating field strains resulting in the emergence of vaccine-derived variant viruses. In order to circumvent these issues, and to develop a vaccine that is more relevant to Egypt and its neighboring countries, a recombinant avirulent Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strain LaSota was constructed to express the codon-optimized S glycoprotein of the Egyptian IBV variant strain IBV/Ck/EG/CU/4/2014 belonging to GI-23 lineage, that is prevalent in Egypt and in the Middle East. A wild type and two modified versions of the IBV S protein were expressed individually by rNDV. A high level of S protein expression was detected in vitro by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. All rNDV-vectored IBV vaccine candidates were genetically stable, slightly attenuated and showed growth patterns comparable to that of parental rLaSota virus. Single-dose vaccination of 1-day-old SPF White Leghorn chicks with the rNDVs expressing IBV S protein provided significant protection against clinical disease after IBV challenge but did not show reduction in tracheal viral shedding. Single-dose vaccination also provided complete protection against virulent NDV challenge. However, prime-boost vaccination using rNDV expressing the wild type IBV S protein provided better protection, after IBV challenge, against clinical signs and significantly reduced tracheal viral shedding. These results indicate that the NDV-vectored IBV vaccines are promising bivalent vaccine candidates to control both infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in Egypt.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-019-0631-

Ultrahigh Surface Area Three-Dimensional Porous Graphitic Carbon from Conjugated Polymeric Molecular Framework

Porous graphitic carbon is essential for many applications such as energy storage devices, catalysts, and sorbents. However, current graphitic carbons are limited by low conductivity, low surface area, and ineffective pore structure. Here we report a scalable synthesis of porous graphitic carbons using a conjugated polymeric molecular framework as precursor. The multivalent cross-linker and rigid conjugated framework help to maintain micro- and mesoporous structures, while promoting graphitization during carbonization and chemical activation. The above unique design results in a class of highly graphitic carbons at temperature as low as 800 ??C with record-high surface area (4073 m2 g-1), large pore volume (2.26 cm-3), and hierarchical pore architecture. Such carbons simultaneously exhibit electrical conductivity &gt;3 times more than activated carbons, very high electrochemical activity at high mass loading, and high stability, as demonstrated by supercapacitors and lithium-sulfur batteries with excellent performance. Moreover, the synthesis can be readily tuned to make a broad range of graphitic carbons with desired structures and compositions for many applications.clos