La irrupción del marketing como estrategia para capturar estudiantes: publicidad y avisaje en la educación superior chilena

El present estudi realitza una anàlisi empírica i comparativa de la inversió publicitària en els mitjans de comunicació realitzada per les universitats xilenes amb dades de l'any 2010. La publicitat en els mitjans és important en la construcció del capital simbòlic que concentra elements del que Weber anomena com prestigi. La introducció del sistema de mercat en l'educació superior xilena quantifica el prestigi institucional segons la seva ubicació en el rànquing d'universitats. Així, aquest instrument quantitatiu és utilitzat per captar estudiants i realimentar la construcció o el manteniment del capital simbòlic. Les universitats realitzen despeses en publicitat via cotractació d'avisos en els mitjans de premsa, intentant no només demostrar, sinó subvencionar la manca de prestigi. Sota aquest marc, es va realitzar una correlació entre qualitat universitària, distribució d'ingressos pressupostaris de les universitats i les despeses efectuades en campanyes publicitaries, observant diversos comportaments: des d'universitats que no utilitzen els mitjans, fins a altres que li destinen sumes quantioses. També es descriu aquesta despesa en relació al capital de prestigi de cada institució. Atrau l'atenció que institucions amb baix capital simbòlic realitzin altes despeses en publicitat. L'anàlisi de desigualtat, usant l'índex de Gini, mostra una marcada disparitat entre les xifres financeres invertides per les institucions analitzades.This article provides an empirical and comparative analysis of the investment in media publicity made by institutions of the Chilean Higher Education system. The data corresponds to the year 2010. As Weber has described, in the construction of institutional prestige, media publicity investment is an important component of symbolic capital. The construction of institutional prestige using symbolic traditional excellence or accelerated growth is related to the marketing of institutions. The introduction of marketing in Chilean higher education quantifies institutional prestige through the use of rankings and also through the financial profits obtained from students’ fees. Some universities attempt to cultivate “artificial” prestige through the use of marketing in the media instead of producing truly symbolic capital. In this framework, the article correlates university quality, financial resources and media expenditure. We observe different types of institutional behaviour, noting that in practical terms some institutions attribute only minor importance to marketing while others make a substantial investment. We postulate an inverse correlation between this type of expenditure and symbolic capital. An analysis of the distribution of expenditures with the Gini index shows a clear imbalance between the institutions.El presente estudio realiza un análisis empírico y comparativo de la inversión publicitaria en medios realizada por las universidades chilenas con datos del año 2010. El avisaje en medios es importante en la construcción del capital simbólico que concentra elementos de lo que Weber menciona como prestigio.  La introducción del sistema de mercado en la educación superior chilena cuantifica el prestigio institucional por su ubicación en el ranking de universidades. Así, este instrumento cuantitativo es usado para captar estudiantes y retroalimentar la construcción o el mantenimiento del capital simbólico. Las universidades realizan gastos en publicidad vía avisaje, intentando no solo demostrar, sino subvencionar la falta de prestigio. Bajo este marco, se realizó una correlación entre calidad universitaria, distribución de ingresos presupuestarios de las universidades y gastos efectuados en avisaje, observándose variados comportamientos: desde universidades que no lo utilizan, hasta otras que le destinan montos apreciables. También se describe este gasto en relación con el capital de prestigio de cada institución. Llama la atención que instituciones con bajo capital simbólico realicen un alto gasto en medios. El análisis de desigualdad, usando el índice de Gini, muestra una marcada disparidad en la inversión financiera utilizada por las instituciones analizada

Mineralogical and thermal characterization of borate minerals from Rio Grande deposit, Uyuni (Bolivia)

Large volumes of borate resources exist in Bolivia, with the most important being the Rio Grande deposit, located close to the Salar of Uyuni. Here, borates occur in beds and lenses of variable thickness. A mineralogical and thermal characterization of borates from the Rio Grande was made using XRD, FTIR, SEM and DTA TG. The deposit is mainly composed of B2O3, CaO and Na2O, with minor contents of MgO and K2O. Some outcrops are constituted by pure ulexite aggregates (NaCaB5 O6(OH)6 5H2O) of fibrous morphology; in other cases, gypsum, calcite and halite also are present. The thermal decomposition of ulexite begins at 70 C and proceeds up to *550 C; this decomposition is attributed to dehydration and dehydroxylation processes in three steps: at 115, 150 300 and 300 550 C. The last mass loss of 1 5 % at 800 C is due to the removal of Cl2 from the decomposition of halite. DTA shows two endothermic events related to the removal of water; in the first, NaCaB5O6(OH)6 5H2O evolved from NaCaB5O6(OH)6 3H2O, at 108 116 C; in the second, NaCaB5O6(OH)6 is formed at 180 185 C and NaCaB5O9 (amorphous) is formed at 300 550 C. The exothermic peak (658 720 C) is related to the crystallization of NaCaB5O9. A small endothermic peak appears due to the halite melting. Later, another endothermic event (821 877 C) appears, which is related to the decomposition of NaCaB5O9 into a crystalline phase of CaB2O4 and amorphous NaB3O5. The XRD pattern evidences that, at 1050 C, CaB2O4 still remains in the crystalline state

Obtención de vidrio a partir de residuos de la minería del estaño en Bolivia

Manufacturing of glass from tin mining tailings in Bolivia Tailings from mining activities in Bolivia represent an environmental problem. In the vicinity of the tin mines of Llallagua,Potosí department, there are large dumps and tailings. We present a study of the use of these wastes as raw materials for the manufacture of glass. This procedure aims to contribute to environmental remediation of mining areas through the vitrification, a process which offers an alternative for stabilization of hazardous waste. In addition, the marketing of the obtained product would provide an additional income to the mining areas. For this study three samples of mining waste, with grain size between sand and silt, were used. The chemical composition of these raw materials, determined by X-ray fluorescence, is granitic, with high contents of heavy metals. On the basis of its composition, glass were made from silica glass by adding CaCO3 and Na2CO3. The thermal cycle has been determined from TDA. Tg values of glass range from 626º to 709 °C. Leaching tests of the obtained glasses confirm their capacity to retain heavy metals

Caracterización térmica del reactor solar multitubular M&M

CIES2020 - XVII Congresso Ibérico e XIII Congresso Ibero-americano de Energia SolaRESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo es la caracterización térmica de un reactor solar de cavidad multitubular (M&M) bajo radiación solar concentrada del horno solar del Instituto de Energías Renovables de la UNAM (HoSIER); concebido para realizar reacciones termoquímicas de producción de combustibles limpios como son el hidrógeno y gas de síntesis. Ha habido diversas propuestas de reactores solares, pero no se ha estudiado de manera experimental los efectos que tiene la distribución geométrica de los tubos dentro de la cavidad en su comportamiento térmico, en la inercia térmica ante los cambios de la irradiancia solar y con el flujo de aire dentro de los mismos. La caracterización se realizó en función del arreglo de los tubos en la cavidad, la estabilidad y homogeneidad de la temperatura entre los tubos y la evaluación de la inercia térmica del reactor en función de las variaciones de la irradiancia solar. Los resultados muestran que el arreglo propuesto tiene una buena estabilidad térmica y puede responder fácilmente ante cambios súbitos en la irradiancia solar. La diferencia mínima de temperatura alcanzada entre los tubos fue de 72ºC cuando la temperatura del tubo central fue de 1200ºC, equivalente a 6% de diferencia.ABSTRACT: The main objective of this work is the thermal characterization of a multi-tubular cavity solar reactor (M&M) under concentrated solar radiation from the solar furnace of the Renewable Energy Institute of the UNAM (HoSIER); conceived to perform thermochemical reactions to produce clean fuels as the hydrogen and synthesis gas. There have been various proposals for solar reactors, but the effects of the geometric distribution of the tubes within the cavity on their thermal behavior, on thermal inertia with changes in solar irradiance and air flux inside them, have not been experimentally studied. The characterization was performed as a function of the tubes arrangements, the stability and the temperature homogeneity between tubes, and the thermal inertia evaluation as a function of solar irradiance. The results show that the proposed arrangement has good thermal stability and can easily respond to sudden changes in solar irradiance. The minimum temperature difference reached between the tubes was 72ºC, when the central tube reaches 1200ºC, equivalent to 6% difference.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tunneling dynamics in exactly-solvable models with triple-well potentials

Inspired by new trends in atomtronics, cold atoms devices and Bose-Einstein condensate dynamics, we apply a general technique of N=4 extended Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics to isospectral Hamiltonians with triple-well potentials, i.e. symmetric and asymmetric. Expressions of quantum-mechanical propagators, which take into account all states of the spectrum, are obtained, within the N = 4 SQM approach, in the closed form. For the initial Hamiltonian of a harmonic oscillator, we obtain the explicit expressions of potentials, wavefunctions and propagators. The obtained results are applied to tunneling dynamics of localized states in triple-well potentials and for studying its features. In particular, we observe a Josephson-type tunneling transition of a wave packet, the effect of its partial trapping and a non-monotonic dependence of tunneling dynamics on the shape of a three-well potential. We investigate, among others, the possibility of controlling tunneling transport by changing parameters of the central well, and we briefly discuss potential applications of this aspect to atomtronic devices.Comment: Latex, 28 pages, 7 Figs, 2 Tables; minor presentation changes, journal versio

Evaluación de una intervención didáctica basada en estrategias para la comprensión de textos expositivos en estudiantes de un Centro Integral de Adultos

This article describes a research project carried out with the objective of testing a didactic experience aiming at improving the comprehension of expository texts -widely used in the Chilean education system- by first year secondary school students in an Adult Education Centre, located in Talcahuano, Chile.The programme was based on the proposal by Sán-chez (1993), which is founded on the interactive approach to reading and on the teacher’s role as a facilitator to learning through the teaching based onstrategies. The research was designed with pre andpost test. The results as well as the analysis of the experience reveal programme efficacy and contribute to future studies in the area of reading comprehension in non traditional educational contexts.Este artículo describe una investigación llevada a cabo con la finalidad de poner aprueba una intervención didáctica destinada a mejorar la comprensión de textos expositivos -una de las modalidades textuales más usadas en el sistema educacional chileno- en estudiantes de un Primer Nivel Medio de un Centro de Educación Integralde Adultos ubicado en la comuna de Talcahuano, Chile. La intervención se basó en el programa propuesto por Sánchez (1993), que se fundamenta en el enfoque interactivo de la lectura y en el rol del profesor como mediador de los aprendizajes a través de la enseñanza basada en estrategias. El diseño de la investigación se basó en la aplicación de pre y post test. Los resultados, así como el análisis de la experiencia, muestran la eficacia del programa desarrollado y constituyen un aporte para futuros estudios en el área de la comprensión de lectura en contextos educativos no tradicionales

The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey

CONTEXT: Dusty star-forming galaxies are among the most prodigious systems at high redshift (z > 1), characterized by high star-formation rates and huge dust reservoirs. The bright end of this population has been well characterized in recent years, but considerable uncertainties remain for fainter dusty star-forming galaxies, which are responsible for the bulk of star formation at high redshift and thus play a key role in galaxy growth and evolution. AIMS: In this first paper of our series, we describe our methods for finding high redshift faint dusty galaxies using millimeter observations with ALMA. METHODS: We obtained ALMA 1.1 mm mosaic images for three strong-lensing galaxy clusters from the Frontier Fields Survey, which constitute some of the best studied gravitational lenses to date. The ≈2′ × 2′ mosaics overlap with the deep HST WFC3/IR footprints and encompass the high magnification regions of each cluster for maximum intrinsic source sensitivity. The combination of extremely high ALMA sensitivity and the magnification power of these clusters allows us to systematically probe the sub-mJy population of dusty star-forming galaxies over a large surveyed area. RESULTS: We present a description of the reduction and analysis of the ALMA continuum observations for the galaxy clusters Abell 2744 (z = 0.308), MACS J0416.1-2403 (z = 0.396) and MACS J1149.5+2223 (z = 0.543), for which we reach observed rms sensitivities of 55, 59 and 71 μJy beam-1 respectively. We detect 12 dusty star-forming galaxies at S/N ≥ 5.0 across the three clusters, all of them presenting coincidence with near-infrared detected counterparts in the HST images. None of the sources fall close to the lensing caustics, thus they are not strongly lensed. The observed 1.1 mm flux densities for the total sample of galaxies range from 0.41 to 2.82 mJy, with observed effective radii spanning ≲0.̋05 to 0.̋37 ± 0.̋21 . The lensing-corrected sizes of the detected sources appear to be in the same range as those measured in brighter samples, albeit with possibly larger dispersion

Deconvolution of monocyte responses in inflammatory bowel disease reveals an IL-1 cytokine network that regulates IL-23 in genetic and acquired IL-10 resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Dysregulated immune responses are the cause of IBDs. Studies in mice and humans suggest a central role of interleukin (IL)-23-producing mononuclear phagocytes in disease pathogenesis. Mechanistic insights into the regulation of IL-23 are prerequisite for selective IL-23 targeting therapies as part of personalised medicine. DESIGN: We performed transcriptomic analysis to investigate IL-23 expression in human mononuclear phagocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We investigated the regulation of IL-23 expression and used single-cell RNA sequencing to derive a transcriptomic signature of hyperinflammatory monocytes. Using gene network correlation analysis, we deconvolved this signature into components associated with homeostasis and inflammation in patient biopsy samples. RESULTS: We characterised monocyte subsets of healthy individuals and patients with IBD that express IL-23. We identified autosensing and paracrine sensing of IL-1α/IL-1β and IL-10 as key cytokines that control IL-23-producing monocytes. Whereas Mendelian genetic defects in IL-10 receptor signalling induced IL-23 secretion after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, whole bacteria exposure induced IL-23 production in controls via acquired IL-10 signalling resistance. We found a transcriptional signature of IL-23-producing inflammatory monocytes that predicted both disease and resistance to antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy and differentiated that from an IL-23-associated lymphocyte differentiation signature that was present in homeostasis and in disease. CONCLUSION: Our work identifies IL-10 and IL-1 as critical regulators of monocyte IL-23 production. We differentiate homeostatic IL-23 production from hyperinflammation-associated IL-23 production in patients with severe ulcerating active Crohn's disease and anti-TNF treatment non-responsiveness. Altogether, we identify subgroups of patients with IBD that might benefit from IL-23p19 and/or IL-1α/IL-1β-targeting therapies upstream of IL-23

The pharmacokinetics of the interstitial space in humans

BACKGROUND: The pharmacokinetics of extracellular solutes is determined by the blood-tissue exchange kinetics and the volume of distribution in the interstitial space in the different organs. This information can be used to develop a general physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model applicable to most extracellular solutes. METHODS: The human pharmacokinetic literature was surveyed to tabulate the steady state and equilibrium volume of distribution of the solutes mannitol, EDTA, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, inulin and β-lactam antibiotics with a range of protein binding (amoxicillin, piperacillin, cefatrizine, ceforanide, flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin). A PBPK data set was developed for extracellular solutes based on the literature for interstitial organ volumes. The program PKQuest was used to generate the PBPK model predictions. The pharmacokinetics of the protein (albumin) bound β-lactam antibiotics were characterized by two parameters: 1) the free fraction of the solute in plasma; 2) the interstitial albumin concentration. A new approach to estimating the capillary permeability is described, based on the pharmacokinetics of the highly protein bound antibiotics. RESULTS: About 42% of the total body water is extracellular. There is a large variation in the organ distribution of this water – varying from about 13% of total tissue water for skeletal muscle, up to 70% for skin and connective tissue. The weakly bound antibiotics have flow limited capillary-tissue exchange kinetics. The highly protein bound antibiotics have a significant capillary permeability limitation. The experimental pharmacokinetics of the 11 solutes is well described using the new PBPK data set and PKQuest. CONCLUSIONS: Only one adjustable parameter (systemic clearance) is required to completely characterize the PBPK for these extracellular solutes. Knowledge of just this systemic clearance allows one to predict the complete time course of the absolute drug concentrations in the major organs. PKQuest is freely available

The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey. II. Multiwavelength Photometric analysis of 1.1 mm continuum sources in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223

CONTEXT: The Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope surveys of the Frontier Fields provide extremely deep images around six massive, strong-lensing clusters of galaxies. The ALMA Frontier Fields survey aims to cover the same fields at 1.1 mm, with maps reaching (unlensed) sensitivities of <70 μJy, in order to explore the properties of background dusty star-forming galaxies. AIMS: We report on the multi-wavelength photometric analysis of all 12 significantly detected (>5σ) sources in the first three Frontier Fields clusters observed by ALMA, based on data from Hubble and Spitzer, the Very Large Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory. METHODS: We measure the total photometry in all available bands and determine the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the counterparts via SED-fitting. In particular, we carefully estimate the far-infrared (FIR) photometry using 1.1 mm priors to limit the misidentification of blended FIR counterparts, which strongly affect some flux estimates in previous FIR catalogs. Due to the extremely red nature of these objects, we used a large range of parameters (e.g. 0.0 <Av< 20.0) and templates (including AGNs and ULIRGs models). RESULTS: We identify robust near-infrared (NIR) counterparts for all 11 sources with Ks detection, the majority of which are quite red, with eight having F814W − Ks ≳ 4 and five having F160W − [ 4.5 ] ≳ 3. From the FIR point of view, all our objects have zphot ~ 1–3, whereas based on the optical SED one object prefers a high-z solution (z ≥ 7). Five objects among our sample have spectroscopic redshifts from the GLASS survey for which we can reproduce their SEDs with existing templates. This verification confirms the validity of our photometric redshift methodology. The mean redshift of our sample is zphot = 1.99 ± 0.27. All 1.1 mm selected objects are massive (10.0 < log  [ M⋆(M⊙) ] < 11.5), with high star formation rates (⟨ log [ SFR(M⊙/ yr) ] ⟩ ≈ 1.6) and high dust contents (8.1 < log  [ Mdust(M⊙) ] < 8.8), consistent with previous ALMA surveys