Fast Succinct Retrieval and Approximate Membership Using Ribbon

A retrieval data structure for a static function f: S → {0,1}^r supports queries that return f(x) for any x ∈ S. Retrieval data structures can be used to implement a static approximate membership query data structure (AMQ), i.e., a Bloom filter alternative, with false positive rate 2^{-r}. The information-theoretic lower bound for both tasks is r|S| bits. While succinct theoretical constructions using (1+o(1))r|S| bits were known, these could not achieve very small overheads in practice because they have an unfavorable space-time tradeoff hidden in the asymptotic costs or because small overheads would only be reached for physically impossible input sizes. With bumped ribbon retrieval (BuRR), we present the first practical succinct retrieval data structure. In an extensive experimental evaluation BuRR achieves space overheads well below 1% while being faster than most previously used retrieval data structures (typically with space overheads at least an order of magnitude larger) and faster than classical Bloom filters (with space overhead ≥ 44%). This efficiency, including favorable constants, stems from a combination of simplicity, word parallelism, and high locality. We additionally describe homogeneous ribbon filter AMQs, which are even simpler and faster at the price of slightly larger space overhead

Dichlorodioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes bearing oxygen-donor ligands as olefin epoxidation catalysts

Treatment of the solvent adduct [MoO2Cl2(THF)2] with either 2 equivalents of N,N-dimethylbenzamide (DMB) or 1 equivalent of N,N'-diethyloxamide (DEO) gave the dioxomolybdenum(vi) complexes [MoO2Cl2(DMB)2] () and [MoO2Cl2(DEO)] (). The molecular structures of and were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both complexes present a distorted octahedral geometry and adopt the cis-oxo, trans-Cl, cis-L configuration typical of complexes of the type [MoO2X2(L)n], with either the monodentate DMB or bidentate DEO oxygen-donor ligands occupying the equatorial positions trans to the oxo groups. The complexes were applied as homogeneous catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins, namely cis-cyclooctene (Cy), 1-octene, trans-2-octene, α-pinene and (R)-(+)-limonene, using tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. In the epoxidation of Cy at 55 °C, the desired epoxide was the only product and turnover frequencies in the range of ca. 3150-3200 mol molMo(-1) h(-1) could be reached. The catalytic production of cyclooctene oxide was investigated in detail, varying either the reaction temperature or the cosolvent. Complexes and were also applied in liquid-liquid biphasic catalytic epoxidation reactions by using an ionic liquid of the type [C4mim][X] (C4mim = 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; X = NTf2, BF4 or PF6] as a solvent to immobilise the metal catalysts. Recycling for multiple catalytic runs was achieved without loss of activity

Differentiating criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade: organized, corporate and disorganized crime

Historically, the poaching of wildlife was portrayed as a small-scale local activity in which only small numbers of wildlife would be smuggled illegally by collectors or opportunists. Nowadays, this image has changed: criminal networks are believed to be highly involved in wildlife trafficking, which has become a significant area of illicit activity. Even though wildlife trafficking has become accepted as a major area of crime and an important topic and criminologists have examined a variety of illegal wildlife markets, research that specifically focusses on the involvement of different criminal networks and their specific nature is lacking. The concept of a ‘criminal network’ or ‘serious organized crime’ is amorphous – getting used interchangeably and describes all crime that is structured rather than solely reflecting crime that fits within normative definitions of ‘organized’ crime. In reality, criminal networks are diverse. As such, we propose categories of criminal networks that are evidenced in the literature and within our own fieldwork: (1) organized crime groups (2) corporate crime groups and (3) disorganized criminal networks. Whereas there are instances when these groups act alone, this article will (also) discuss the overlap and interaction that occurs between our proposed categories and discuss the complicated nature of the involved criminal networks as well as predictions as to the future of these networks

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Copper(II) Benzoate Complex Bearing a Bis-2,2′-Tetrahydrofuryl Peroxide Moiety

Complex [Cu2(ben)4·2THF−(η1–O2)]∞ (2) (ben=C6H5CO2− benzoate; THF=tetrahydrofuran) was isolated when a solution of Cu2(ben)4·2THF (1) in THF upon natural sunlight irradiation yields crystals suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 2, crystallized in the C2/c monoclinic space group, Z=8, V=3394.2 (4) Å3, and the unit cell parameters a=9.7935(7) Å, b=19.0055 (13) Å, c=18.2997 (13) Å, α=90°, β=94.7996 (11)º and γ=90°. This is the first example of a polymeric copper(II) carboxylate compound stabilizing a peroxo group via its apical ligand (THF molecule). Additionally, 2 was also characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopyUniversidad de Costa Rica/[804-B7-279]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[804-B0-650]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ

Schattenwirtschaft: Die Macht der illegalen Märkte

Die Mehrheit der Weltbevölkerung arbeitet in Schattenmärkten. Mit zunehmender Tendenz. Die Autoren zeigen, wie solche illegalen Märkte funktionieren, wie Menschen dort leben und arbeiten. Ihre Analyse überrascht und verändert den Blick auf dieses Wirtschaften. Markenpiraterie und Sweatshops in Argentinien, Diamanten in Sierra Leone und Rhinozeroshorn im südlichen Afrika – an diesen Orten führten die Forscher Matías Dewey, Nina Engwicht und Annette Hübschle im Rahmen ihrer Arbeit am Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Hunderte Gespräche mit Arbeitern, Produzenten, Ermittlern oder Politikern. Sie analysieren den Alltag auf diesen geheimen Märkten, der geprägt ist durch Selbst- und Fremdausbeutung, durch die Armut vieler und den Wohlstand weniger, durch findige Unternehmer sowie skrupellose Kriminelle. Aber illegale Marktteilnehmer agieren oft auch überraschend friedlich und kreativ, um Geschäfte im rechtsfreien Raum zu ermöglichen. Trotz harter Konkurrenz helfen sie sich häufig gegenseitig, schaffen ein eigenes Regelwerk, Kreditringe oder solidarische Notfallfonds. Neben der Schattenwirtschaft entsteht ein politisches und soziales Schattensystem. In bestimmten Fällen profitiert sogar die Allgemeinheit von illegalen Märkten, etwa wenn die lokale Wirtschaft gefördert wird. Der Wirtschaftsjournalist Caspar Dohmen spannt den Bogen zu den allgemeinen Arbeitsverhältnissen im 21. Jahrhundert, denn die Grenzen zwischen Legalität und Illegalität verschwimmen zusehends.Vorwort von Jens Beckert Einleitung 1 Illegale Märkte Rechtswandel Informelle Märkte Koordinierung I: Eigene Regeln Koordinierung II: Korruption Koordinierung III: Gewalt Akzeptierte Illegalität Treiber I: Globalisierung Treiber II: Wohlstand Treiber III: Krieg 2 Arbeiten und Leben auf illegalen Märkten Diamentenschürfen und -handeln in Sierra Leone Nähen für den Heimatmarkt: Sweatshops in Argentinien Grenzenloses Geschäft: Rhinozeroshorn-Wilderer im südlichen Afrika Traum vom sozialen Aufstieg Selbsthilfe I: Kreditsystem Selbsthilfe II: Gemeinschaftskasse Selbsthilfe III: Gewinn teilen 3 Wandel der Arbeitsverhältnisse Ökonomisierung der Beziehungen Gewinnen und Verlieren 4 Rolle des Staates Bereicherung und moralische Erwägungen Räume begrenzter Staatlichkeit Der Fluch der Ressourcen Stabilisierung der Gesellschaft Grenzenlose Schattenmärkte Grüne Kriege Informelle Pakte Fehleinschätzungen 5 Perspektiven und Verbesserungsvorschläge Arbeitende stärken Zukunftsfähiger Freihandel Legalisierung Verbindliche Sorgfaltspflichten Bargeldabschaffung Basisabsicherung Bessere Startchancen und Toleranz Anmerkunge