Trabajo global y desigualdades en el mercado laboral

La globalización neoliberal fomentó una paradójica tensión entre las supuestas tendencias hacia la homogeneización y uniformización social, y la aparición de nuevas desigualdades sociales. La sociedad actual, lejos de experimentar las consecuencias del llamado "fin del trabajo", expresa sus efectos en cuanto a las formas d gestión laboral promovidas, la flexibilización, la desregularización de las relaciones laborales y la pérdida de calidad de las ocupaciones

It is time to define an organizational model for the prevention and management of infections along the surgical pathway : a worldwide cross-sectional survey

Background The objectives of the study were to investigate the organizational characteristics of acute care facilities worldwide in preventing and managing infections in surgery; assess participants' perception regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, antibiotic prescribing practices, and source control; describe awareness about the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IPC measures; and determine the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on said awareness. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted contacting 1432 health care workers (HCWs) belonging to a mailing list provided by the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery. The self-administered questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary team. The survey was open from May 22, 2021, and June 22, 2021. Three reminders were sent, after 7, 14, and 21 days. Results Three hundred four respondents from 72 countries returned a questionnaire, with an overall response rate of 21.2%. Respectively, 90.4% and 68.8% of participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary IPC team or a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team. Local protocols for antimicrobial therapy of surgical infections and protocols for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis were present in 76.6% and 90.8% of hospitals, respectively. In 23.4% and 24.0% of hospitals no surveillance systems for surgical site infections and no monitoring systems of used antimicrobials were implemented. Patient and family involvement in IPC management was considered to be slightly or not important in their hospital by the majority of respondents (65.1%). Awareness of the global burden of AMR among HCWs was considered very important or important by 54.6% of participants. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered by 80.3% of respondents as a very important or important factor in raising HCWs awareness of the IPC programs in their hospital. Based on the survey results, the authors developed 15 statements for several questions regarding the prevention and management of infections in surgery. The statements may be the starting point for designing future evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion Adequacy of prevention and management of infections in acute care facilities depends on HCWs behaviours and on the organizational characteristics of acute health care facilities to support best practices and promote behavioural change. Patient involvement in the implementation of IPC is still little considered. A debate on how operationalising a fundamental change to IPC, from being solely the HCWs responsibility to one that involves a collaborative relationship between HCWs and patients, should be opened.Peer reviewe

THE PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF RELATIVE EFFICIENCY FOR FUTURE EARNINGS:AN APPLICATION USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS TO SPANISH SMEs

International audienceResearch on earnings prediction has documented that the transitory component of current earnings undermines its predictive ability about future earnings. The implication of this finding is that a measure that better captures the underlying persistent component of earnings may prove very useful in predicting future earnings when used along with current earnings. Our study, based on a large sample of 1939 Spanish small and medium enterprises (SMEs), investigates whether an alternative mesure of performance ignored in previous research on earnings forecasting -i.e., relative efficiency- has predictive ability over and above current earnings and book value of equity. Relative efficiency captures the inherent ability of a firm -as compared to other similar firms- to make the most productive use of available resources and is measured using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) non-parametric technique. Our findings highlight that our DEA-based efficiency measure has an incremental predictive ability over and above current earnings and book value of equity for predicting future earnings. Moreover, we have further validated the models in a holdout sample and our results evidence the highest forecast accuracy of the model that includes our efficiency measure as an additional predictor to current earnings and book value of equity

The predictive ability of relative efficiency for future earnings: an application using data envelopment analysis to Spanish SMEs

Research on earnings prediction has documented that the transitory component of current earnings undermines its predictive ability about future earnings. The implication of this finding is that a measure that better captures the underlying persistent component of earnings may prove very useful in predicting future earnings when used along with current earnings. Our study, based on a large sample of 1939 Spanish Small and medium Enterprises (SMEs), investigates whether an alternative measure of performance ignored in previous research on earnings forecasting-i.e. relative efficiency-has predictive ability over and above current earnings and book value of equity. Relative efficiency captures the inherent ability of a firm-as compared to other similar firms-to make the most productive use of available resources and is measured using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) nonparametric technique. Our findings highlight that our DEA-based efficiency measure has an incremental predictive ability over and above current earnings and book value of equity for predicting future earnings. Moreover, we have further validated the models in a holdout sample and our results evidence the highest forecast accuracy of the model that includes our efficiency measure as an additional predictor to current earnings and book value of equity.

Productivity and efficiency change and shareholder value: evidence from the Spanish banking sector

Productivity change and shareholder value have been analysed in the banking sector in the last few years, although it should be noted that these two important aspects have been studied separately. In this regard, the main contribution of our study is to link these two lines of research by verifying whether those banks characterized by higher levels of efficiency and productivity change have a higher shareholder value. To measure changes in efficiency and productivity we use the Malmquist nonparametric technique, which is calculated from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) linear programming approach. The Malmquist total factor productivity index enables separation of the 'catching up' effect, i.e. changes over time in technical efficiency, from 'technological change', i.e. the shift of best practice frontier over time due to technological progress. Our results for a sample of listed Spanish banks in the period 2000 to 2004 confirm that those banks with higher efficiency and productivity changes have a higher shareholder value, even after controlling for the impact of traditional measures of performance, such as return on assets.

PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY CHANGE AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE: EVIDENCE FROM THE SPANISH BANKING SECTOR

International audienceProductivity change and shareholder value have been analysed in the banking sector in the last few years, although it should be noted that these two important aspects have been studied separately. In this regard, the main contribution of our study is to link these two lines of research by verifying whether those banks characterised by higher levels of efficiency and productivity change have a higher shareholder value. To measure changes in efficiency and productivity we use the Malmquist non-parametric technique, which is calculated from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) linear programming approach. The Malmquist total factor productivity index enables separation of the 'catching up' effect, i.e, changes over time in technical efficiency, from 'technological change', i.e., the shift of best practice frontier over time due to technological progress. Our results for a sample of listed Spanish banks in the period 2000-2004 confirm that those banks with higher efficiency and productivity changes have a higher shareholder value, even after controlling for the impact of traditional measures of performance, such as return on assets

Medida de la eficiencia en entidades no lucrativas: un estudio empírico para fundaciones asistenciales: Measuring efficiency in nonprofit organizations: An empirical study for care foundations

Measuring the performance of any unit decision is certainly desirable in order to discover whether the application of economic resources (inputs) is appropriate at all times to achieve its central objective. In this sense, non-profit organizations are not immune to this need for management, having additional difficulties in their performance, since because of their «non-profit» character their ultimate goal is not to maximize profit, but the achievement of social aims, sometimes difficult to quantify.In this context, this paper evaluates, within the sector of non-profit organizations, the performance of care foundations in Spain by applying the non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is able to determine the border of «best practices» of the evaluated units from a mathematical optimization model, while allow us to study the productivity change by means to calculate the total factor productivity Malmquist index based on the DEA methodology.The study is complemented by a 2-stage DEA analysis using a logit regression model to evaluate the possible association of relevant covariates in the foundations sector, such as the size, liquidity, debt and antiquity, with the previously calculated performance of these organizations.La medida del rendimiento de cualquier unidad de decisión es un objetivo ciertamente deseable para conocer si la aplicación de sus recursos económicos (inputs) es adecuada en cada momento para conseguir su objetivo productivo. En este sentido, las entidades sin fines lucrativos no son ajenas a esta necesidad de gestión, presentando dificultades añadidas la medida de su desempeño, dado que por su carácter de «no lucrativas» su objetivo último no es la maximización de beneficio, sino la consecución de fines de carácter social, en ocasiones difícilmente cuantificables.En el contexto descrito, el presente trabajo evalúa, dentro del sector de las entidades sin fines lucrativos, el rendimiento de las fundaciones estatales de tipo asistencial radicadas en España, mediante la aplicación de la técnica no paramétrica del análisis envolvente de datos (DEA), capaz de determinar la frontera de «buenas prácticas» de las unidades evaluadas a partir de un modelo de optimización matemática, al tiempo que permite estudiar las variaciones del cambio productivo a través del cálculo del índice de productividad total de los factores de Malmquist basado en la metodología DEA mencionada.El estudio se complementa con un análisis DEA en 2 etapas aplicando un modelo de regresión logit para evaluar la posible asociación de covariables de relevancia en el sector de las fundaciones, tales como su tamaño, liquidez, endeudamiento y antigüedad, con el rendimiento de dichas organizaciones previamente calculado