Trajectories of learning approaches during a full medical curriculum: impact on clinical learning outcomes.

Background No consensus exists on whether medical students develop towards more deep (DA) or surface learning approaches (SA) during medical training and how this impacts learning outcomes. We investigated whether subgroups with different trajectories of learning approaches in a medical students’ population show different long-term learning outcomes. Methods Person-oriented growth curve analyses on a prospective cohort of 269 medical students (Mage=21years, 59 % females) traced subgroups according to their longitudinal DA/SA profile across academic years 1, 2, 3 and 5. Post-hoc analyses tested differences in academic performance between subgroups throughout the 6-year curriculum until the national high-stakes licensing exam certifying the undergraduate medical training. Results Two longitudinal trajectories emerged: surface-oriented (n = 157; 58 %), with higher and increasing levels of SA and lower and decreasing levels of DA; and deep-oriented (n = 112; 42 %), with lower and stable levels of SA and higher but slightly decreasing levels of DA. Post hoc analyses showed that from the beginning of clinical training, deep-oriented students diverged towards better learning outcomes in comparison with surface-oriented students. Conclusions Medical students follow different trajectories of learning approaches during a 6-year medical curriculum. Deep-oriented students are likely to achieve better clinical learning outcomes than surface-oriented students

Vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in initial resuscitation of burn injuries: A systematic review

Background According to current guidelines, initial burn resuscitation should be performed with fluids alone. The aims of the study were to review the frequency of use of vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in initial burn resuscitation, and assess the benefits and harms of adding such drugs to fluids. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, UpToDate, and SveMed+ through 3 December 2021. The search included studies on critically ill burn patients receiving vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in addition to fluids within 48 h after burn injury. Results The literature search identified 1058 unique publications that were screened for inclusion. After assessing 115 publications in full text, only two retrospective cohort studies were included. One study found that 16 out of 52 (31%) patients received vasopressor(s). Factors associated with vasopressor use were increasing age, burn depth, and % total body surface area (TBSA) burnt. Another study observed that 20 out of 111 (18%) patients received vasopressor(s). Vasopressor use was associated with increasing age, Baux score, and %TBSA burnt in addition to more frequent dialysis treatment and increased mortality. Study quality assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was considered good in one study, but uncertain due to limited description of methods in the other. Conclusion This systematic review revealed that there is a lack of evidence regarding the benefits and harms of using vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in addition to fluids during early resuscitation of patients with major burns.publishedVersio

Fatal anafylaksi etter tannbehandling

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Continuous Local Intra-Arterial Nimodipine for the Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm

Vasospasm (VSP) is one of the major causes for prolonged neurologic deficit in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Few case series have reported about continuous local intra-arterial nimodipine administration (CLINA) in refractory VSP. We report our experience with CLINA in a patient with refractory cerebral VSP.publishedVersio

Spontaneous Splenic Artery Rupture as the First Symptom of Systemic Amyloidosis

Spontaneous splenic rupture is a life-threatening condition leading to a rapidly progressing hypovolemic shock due to intra-abdominal blood loss, with a mortality rate of about 10%. Spontaneous splenic rupture can be caused by widely different disorders including acute and chronic infections, neoplastic disorders, and inflammatory noninfectious disorders. In this case report, we present a 67-year-old male patient with hemorrhagic shock caused by an acute bleeding from the splenic artery. The patient was massively transfused with blood products and fluids and underwent laparotomy for hemostatic control and clinical stabilization. Multiorgan involvement by amyloid light-chain amyloidosis (AL-amyloidosis) caused by plasma cell dyscrasia, specifically with infiltration of the spleen artery, was found to be the underlying cause of his life-threatening bleeding. Based on this case, we discuss the features of serious spleen bleeding, massive transfusion therapy in the intensive care setting, and AL-amyloidosis pathophysiology and treatment.publishedVersio

The effect of microsurgical training on novice medical students' basic surgical skills-a randomized controlled trial

Background It has been demonstrated that medical students are capable of learning microsurgical techniques. We hypothesize that microsurgical training might give insight into the importance of delicate tissue handling and correct knot tying that could have a positive influence on macrosurgical skills. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microsurgical training on macrosurgical suturing skills in novice medical students. Subjects and methods In 2018, 46 novice medical students were enrolled and randomized into two groups. The intervention group received both macro- and microsurgical training and the control group received only microsurgical training. Both groups underwent an assessment test that consisted of macrosurgical tasks of three simple interrupted sutures with a square knot and continuous three-stitch long over-and-over sutures. These tests were individually filmed and assessed using the University of Bergen suturing skills assessment tool (UBAT) and the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill global rating scale (OSATS). Questionnaires regarding future career ambitions and attitudes towards plastic surgery were also completed both prior to and following the tests. Results The intervention group needed a longer time to complete the tasks than the control group (12.2 min vs. 9.6 min, p > 0.001), and scored lower on both the UBAT (5.6 vs. 9.0, p > 0.001) and the OSATS (11.1 vs. 13.1, p > 0.001) assessments. The microsurgery course tended to positively influence the students' attitudes towards a career in plastic surgery (p = 0.002). This study demonstrates poorer macrosurgical skills in the medical students group exposed to microsurgical training. The true effect of microsurgical training warrants further investigation. Level of evidence: Level I, diagnostic study.Peer reviewe

Capillary leakage in post-cardiac arrest survivors during therapeutic hypothermia - a prospective, randomised study

Background: Fluids are often given liberally after the return of spontaneous circulation. However, the optimal fluid regimen in survivors of cardiac arrest is unknown. Recent studies indicate an increased fluid requirement in post-cardiac arrest patients. During hypothermia, animal studies report extravasation in several organs, including the brain. We investigated two fluid strategies to determine whether the choice of fluid would influence fluid requirements, capillary leakage and oedema formation. Methods: 19 survivors with witnessed cardiac arrest of primary cardiac origin were allocated to either 7.2% hypertonic saline with 6% poly (O-2-hydroxyethyl) starch solution (HH) or standard fluid therapy (Ringer's Acetate and saline 9 mg/ml) (control). The patients were treated with the randomised fluid immediately after admission and continued for 24 hours of therapeutic hypothermia. Results: During the first 24 hours, the HH patients required significantly less i.v. fluid than the control patients (4750 ml versus 8010 ml, p = 0.019) with comparable use of vasopressors. Systemic vascular resistance was significantly reduced from 0 to 24 hours (p = 0.014), with no difference between the groups. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in serum and interstitial fluid (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014 respectively) decreased as a function of time in both groups, with a more pronounced reduction in interstitial COP in the crystalloid group. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain did not reveal vasogenic oedema. Conclusions: Post-cardiac arrest patients have high fluid requirements during therapeutic hypothermia, probably due to increased extravasation. The use of HH reduced the fluid requirement significantly. However, the lack of brain oedema in both groups suggests no superior fluid regimen. Cardiac index was significantly improved in the group treated with crystalloids. Although we do not associate HH with the renal failures that developed, caution should be taken when using hypertonic starch solutions in these patients

Administration Methods of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Burn Wounds

Cellular therapies for burn wound healing, including the administration of mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs), have shown promising results. This review aims to provide an overview of the current administration methods in preclinical and clinical studies of bone-marrow-, adipose-tissue-, and umbilical-cord-derived MSCs for treating burn wounds. Relevant studies were identified through a literature search in PubMed and Embase and subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria for eligibility. Additional relevant studies were identified through a manual search of reference lists. A total of sixty-nine studies were included in this review. Of the included studies, only five had clinical data from patients, one was a prospective case–control, three were case reports, and one was a case series. Administration methods used were local injection (41% in preclinical and 40% in clinical studies), cell-seeded scaffolds (35% and 20%), topical application (17% and 60%), and systemic injection (1% and 0%). There was great heterogeneity between the studies regarding experimental models, administration methods, and cell dosages. Local injection was the most common administration method in animal studies, while topical application was used in most clinical reports. The best delivery method of MSCs in burn wounds is yet to be identified. Although the potential of MSC treatment for burn wounds is promising, future research should focus on examining the effect and scalability of such therapy in clinical trials

Nasjonale faglige retningslinjer for forebygging og behandling av underernæring

Retningslinjen omfatter anbefalinger om identifisering og behandling av underernærte samt pasienter i ernæringsmessig risiko i sykehus, sykehjem og hjemmebaserte tjenester