La construcción social de la pobreza. Un análisis desde las categorías de Pierre Bordieu

La pobreza puede construirse, a partir de las categorías analíticas de Pierre Bourdieu, como un fenómeno clave de la reproducción de la sociedad y de sus mecanismos de dominación. Para ello, y desde esa teoría, primero, se plantean preguntas y desafíos a otras maneras de abordar el fenómeno, desde la noción misma de «pobreza», pasando por la llamada «perspectiva de la marginalidad», y aquellas otras, ligadas a la noción de «estrategia». Luego se presenta una conceptualización del espacio social y de las estrategias de reproducción que ponen en marccha las clases, intentando responder a las preguntas sugeridas. Se consideran los factores explicativos de dichas estrategias ligadas al fenómeno de la pobreza: el volumen y la estructura del capital, los instrumentos de reproducción, el estado de relación de fuerzas entre las clases y los habitus incorporados.Poverty can be treated, in accordance with the analytic categories of Pierre Bourdieu, as a key phenomenon of the reproduction of society and its mechanisms of domination. With respect to this theoretical approach, firstly, questions and challenges are made which aim at alternative ways of boarding the phenomenon, such as the proper notion of «poverty», or the so called «perspective of marginalization» and all those others bound to the notion of «strategy». Afterwards, a conceptualization of the social space and the strategies of reproduction, developed by the social classes, is proposed, in order to answer the questions that were suggested. The explanative elements of those strategies, related with the phenomenon of poverty, are discussed, such as the volume and structure of the capital, the instruments of reproduction, the state of the relation of forces between the classes, and the incorporated habitus

Conglomerados asiáticos y regionalismo en el Cono Sur americano

La globalización está redefiniendo los espacios, procesos y actores del desarrollo latinoamericano. El propósito de este artículo es analizar los nuevos procesos de integración y los emergentes sistemas de negocios en el Cono Sur latinoamericano a la luz de los vínculos con las economías del Este asiático. En particular, estudia los niveles y formas de interacción de los agentes económicos asiáticos, principalmente los grandes grupos empresariales japoneses y coreanos en los dos espacios económicos latinoamericanos: México, Centroaméricay el Caribe, por una parte, y el Cono Sur latinoamericano por la otra

«Con Marx y contra Marx»: el materialismo en Pierre Bourdieu

Bourdieu ha dicho explícitamente a lo largo de su trabajo que su construcción teórica se ha inspirado en los tres pilares de la sociología: Marx, Durkheim y Max Weber. Por ello, al hacer hincapié en la presencia del materialismo en Pierre Bourdieu, es necesario simultáneamente hacer referencia a los otros dos sociólogos mencionados. Entre los acercamientos a Marx, se señala el rechazo a la teoría pura, la construcción del hecho científico, la insistencia en la explicación de los fenómenos sociales por sus causas sociales e históricas, el principio de la no-conciencia y la ilusión de la transparencia, la concepción relacional de lo social y la concepción agonística de la acción social. En la dialéctica acercamientos-rupturas con Marx, se trabaja especialmente la «economía de las prácticas» y la teoría de las clases en sus dos dimensiones: su construcción y su papel en la explicación de las prácticas sociales.Bourdieu has explicitly said along hiswork that his theoretical construction has been inspired in the pillars of Sociology: Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. For this reason, when emphasizing the presence of materialism in Pierre Bourdieu, it is necessary at the same time to make reference to the other sociologists above mentioned. Referring ti Marx’ approaches, the reject to pure theory is pointed out as well as the construction of the scientific fact, the insistence on the explanation of social phenomena by its social and historical causes, the principle of the «non-conscience», and the illusion of transparency, the relational conception of the social events and the agonistic conception of the social action. In the dialectic approaches-ruptures with Marx, the «economy of practices» and the theory of classes are specially treated and its two dimensions: its construction and its role explaining social practices

Poder, hábitus y representaciones: recorrido por el concepto de violencia simbólica en Pierre Bourdieu.

El poder y las relaciones de poder contienen unas componentes extrínsecas que acaban interiorizándose en cada persona a través de las formas de vida. Es así por la fuerza del significado de las estructuras sociales para penetrar en las mentes individuales

Poder y representaciones: elementos para la construcción del campo político en la teoría de Bourdieu.

The "properly politic game", the politic field, in the perspective of Pierre Bourdieu is a field as any other field, that is to say, it is submitted to the same general laws described for all the fields in general, although these same laws get their own properties in the space of the concrete game. In order to explain these properties, within the general frame of the theory of the fields, it is necessary to refer to other central aspects in the perspective of Pierre Bourdieu, in the frame of which they can be understood. That is why in this paper, we make reference to the notion of "symbolical power" in the first place, next we refer to the representations and their role in the symbolical fights; afterwards we point out the specific characteristics in the political field and finally we emphasize the role of the intellectuals within the frame of this analytic conception

Impact of use of optical surface imaging on initial patient setup for stereotactic body radiotherapy treatments

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of surface image guidance (SG) for pre‐imaging setup of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) patients, and to investigate the impact of SG reference surface selection on this process. Methods and materials 284 SBRT fractions (SG‐SBRT = 113, non‐SG‐SBRT = 171) were retrospectively evaluated. Differences between initial (pre‐imaging) and treatment couch positions were extracted from the record‐and‐verify system and compared for the two groups. Rotational setup discrepancies were also computed. The utility of orthogonal kVs in reducing CBCT shifts in the SG‐SBRT/non‐SG‐SBRT groups was also calculated. Additionally, the number of CBCTs acquired for setup was recorded and the average for each cohort was compared. These data served to evaluate the effectiveness of surface imaging in pre‐imaging patient positioning and its potential impact on the necessity of including orthogonal kVs for setup. Since reference surface selection can affect SG setup, daily surface reproducibility was estimated by comparing camera‐acquired surface references (VRT surface) at each fraction to the external surface of the planning CT (DICOM surface) and to the VRT surface from the previous fraction. Results The reduction in all initial‐to‐treatment translation/rotation differences when using SG‐SBRT was statistically significant (Rank‐Sum test, α = 0.05). Orthogonal kV imaging kept CBCT shifts below reimaging thresholds in 19%/51% of fractions for SG‐SBRT/non‐SG‐SBRT cohorts. Differences in average number of CBCTs acquired were not statistically significant. The reference surface study found no statistically significant differences between the use of DICOM or VRT surfaces. Conclusions SG‐SBRT improved pre‐imaging treatment setup compared to in‐room laser localization alone. It decreased the necessity of orthogonal kV imaging prior to CBCT but did not affect the average number of CBCTs acquired for setup. The selection of reference surface did not have a significant impact on initial patient positioning

The old “new poverty” in Argentina: networks and social capital in a heterogeneous universe

Este artículo analiza algunos aspectos de la problemática de la “nueva pobreza” en Argentina, en el marco del proceso de empobrecimiento vivido por la mayor parte de los países de América Latina, iniciados durante la década de 1980 y profundizados en los años posteriores. Primero, se caracterizan esos procesos económicos, sociales y políticos; luego se hace referencia a las redes sociales que construyen familias residentes en una localidad pobre de Córdoba, Argentina, intentando mostrar las posibilidades analíticas que brinda la noción de “capital social” para estudiar la heterogeneidad del fenómeno de la pobreza.This article discusses some aspects of the problem of the "new poverty" in Argentina as part of the process of impoverishment experienced by most of the countries of Latin America which were initiated during the 1980s and deepened in the years following. In the First part of this article, these processes are characterized economic, social and political and then referred to the social networks that build families living in a poor suburb of Cordoba, Argentina, trying to show the analytical possibilities offered by the notion of "social capital" offers to study the heterogeneity of the phenomenon of poverty