Memoria operativa y procesos de integración en la comprensión de textos

The aim was to examine the influence of working memory capacity on the integration of information across sentences during reading. Subjects high or low in reading span read texts under three conditions: (a) reading regressions and self-paced reading allowed, (b) self-paced reading (no regressions), and (e) fixed-pace reading (no regressions or selfpaced reading). Two kinds of regressive fixations - between- and withinsentence- were measured; and two types of comprehension questions - detail and integration - were used. The results indicated that (a) highspan subjects made more regressive movements, especially between-sentence regressions, than low-anxiety subjects; but (b) comprehension performance and efficiency were lower for low-span than for high-span readers, with both integration and detail questions, under all three reading conditions. The findings on regressive movements are consistent with the idea that subjects low in working memory capacity resort to reading regressions as un auxiliary strategy to carry out integration processes, in order to compensate for their capacity lirnitations. In contrast, the data concerning comprehension suggest that the frequent use of regressive fixations and reading time by readers low in working memory capacity is not a real compensatory mechanism for comprehension, but has a metacognitive function which provides reassurance. Defcits in working memory capacity constrain reading comprehension in general, but not specifically integration processes.Se examina el efecto de la capacidad de la memoria operativa sobre los procesos de integración de información en la lectura de textos. Sujetos con diferente capacidad de memoria operativa leyeron textos bajo tres condiciones: (a) retrocesos posibles y tiempo libre de lectura, (b) tiempo libre (pero no retrocesos), y (e) presentación prejijada (tiempo fijo y no retrocesos). Se midieron dos tipos de retrocesos durante la lectura: intra-frase e inter-frases; y se presentaron dos tipos de preguntas de comprensión: detalle e integración. Los resultados indicaron que: (a) los lectorescon menor capacidad hicieron mas retrocesos que los de mayor capacidad, especialmente inter-frases; pero (b) los primeros tuvieron peor comprensión y eficiencia que los segundos en todas las condiciones de lectura y en ambos tipos de preguntas. El dato relativo a los retrocesos hace suponer que los lectores con menor capacidad recurren a los retrocesos como una estrategia auxiliar para llevar a cabo los procesos de integración, a fin de compensar sus propias deficiencias en capacidad. En contraste, los datos relativos a la comprensión sugieren que el uso extraordinario de retrocesos y el tiempo de lectura adicional en las personas con menor capacidad cumplen una función metacognitiva más que cognitiva, ya que no son eficaces para compensar esas deficiencias. Además, las limitaciones en capacidad de la memoria operativa afectan negativamente a la comprensión lectora de modo general, no específicamente a los procesos de integración

Association of urinary uromodulin with kidney function decline and mortality: the health ABC study .

BackgroundUrine uromodulin (uUMOD) is a protein secreted by the kidney tubule. Recent studies have suggested that higher uUMOD may be associated with improved kidney and mortality outcomes.MethodsUsing a case-cohort design, we evaluated the association between baseline uUMOD levels and ≥ 30% estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline, incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), rapid kidney function decline, and mortality using standard and modified Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsThe median value of uUMOD was 25.8 µg/mL, mean age of participants was 74 years, 48% were women, and 39% were black. Persons with higher uUMOD had lower prevalence of diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD), and had lower systolic blood pressure. Persons with higher uUMOD also had higher eGFR, lower urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), and lower C-reactive protein (CRP). There was no association of uUMOD with > 30% eGFR decline. In comparison to those in the lowest quartile of uUMOD, those in the highest quartile had a significantly (53%) lower risk of incident CKD (CI 73%, 18%) and a 51% lower risk of rapid kidney function decline (CI 76%, 1%) after multivariable adjustment. Higher uUMOD was associated with lower risk of mortality in demographic adjusted models, but not after multivariable adjustment.ConclusionHigher levels of uUMOD are associated with lower risk of incident CKD and rapid kidney function decline. Additional studies are needed in the general population and in persons with advanced CKD to confirm these findings.


Memoria operativa y procesos de integración en la comprensión de textos

The aim was to examine the influence of working memory capacity on the integration of information across sentences during reading. Subjects high or low in reading span read texts under three conditions: (a) reading regressions and self-paced reading allowed, (b) self-paced reading (no regressions), and (e) fixed-pace reading (no regressions or selfpaced reading). Two kinds of regressive fixations - between- and withinsentence- were measured; and two types of comprehension questions - detail and integration - were used. The results indicated that (a) highspan subjects made more regressive movements, especially between-sentence regressions, than low-anxiety subjects; but (b) comprehension performance and efficiency were lower for low-span than for high-span readers, with both integration and detail questions, under all three reading conditions. The findings on regressive movements are consistent with the idea that subjects low in working memory capacity resort to reading regressions as un auxiliary strategy to carry out integration processes, in order to compensate for their capacity lirnitations. In contrast, the data concerning comprehension suggest that the frequent use of regressive fixations and reading time by readers low in working memory capacity is not a real compensatory mechanism for comprehension, but has a metacognitive function which provides reassurance. Defcits in working memory capacity constrain reading comprehension in general, but not specifically integration processes.Se examina el efecto de la capacidad de la memoria operativa sobre los procesos de integración de información en la lectura de textos. Sujetos con diferente capacidad de memoria operativa leyeron textos bajo tres condiciones: (a) retrocesos posibles y tiempo libre de lectura, (b) tiempo libre (pero no retrocesos), y (e) presentación prejijada (tiempo fijo y no retrocesos). Se midieron dos tipos de retrocesos durante la lectura: intra-frase e inter-frases; y se presentaron dos tipos de preguntas de comprensión: detalle e integración. Los resultados indicaron que: (a) los lectorescon menor capacidad hicieron mas retrocesos que los de mayor capacidad, especialmente inter-frases; pero (b) los primeros tuvieron peor comprensión y eficiencia que los segundos en todas las condiciones de lectura y en ambos tipos de preguntas. El dato relativo a los retrocesos hace suponer que los lectores con menor capacidad recurren a los retrocesos como una estrategia auxiliar para llevar a cabo los procesos de integración, a fin de compensar sus propias deficiencias en capacidad. En contraste, los datos relativos a la comprensión sugieren que el uso extraordinario de retrocesos y el tiempo de lectura adicional en las personas con menor capacidad cumplen una función metacognitiva más que cognitiva, ya que no son eficaces para compensar esas deficiencias. Además, las limitaciones en capacidad de la memoria operativa afectan negativamente a la comprensión lectora de modo general, no específicamente a los procesos de integración

TOX3 rs3803662 Polymorphism Is Associated With Breast Cancer Protection In Northeastern Mexican Woman

Introduction: Low penetrance genes are involved in breast cancer (BC) and confer risk for the development of this neoplasia. Different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BC have been identified, such as rs3803662 (TOX3), which is related to estrogen receptors in European and African-American women. The contribution of this variant in the Mexican population is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate, through a case-control design, the association of the SNP rs3803662 (TOX3), with the risk of BC in women from northeastern Mexico. Methods: We included 434 cases and 228 controls. Genotyping was carried out using RFLPs. The SPSS 7.0 statistical program was used to determine the gene frequencies, the estimation of the relative risk (Odds ratio [OR]), and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (EHW). Results: The homocygote (T/T) genotype of the SNP TOX3 rs3803662 was identified as a protective allele for BC (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.78). Conclusions; The T allele of the SNP rs3803662 can be considered as a protective factor for BC from northeastern Mexico women

Educación ambiental: Perspectiva crítica en el modelo universitario de Colombia

Este ensayo explora el estado de arte de la pertinencia ambiental de la universidad colombiana desde una perspectiva que confluya en la participación social. El análisis se fundamentó en una declaración de las relaciones epistemológicas, teóricas y conceptuales de los actores del proceso educativo colombiano, para ejercer una postura crítica en la construcción de saberes y compromisos ambientales de las universidades. En los últimos años, la educación ambiental por iniciativa de la ASCUN ha tomado relevancia e interés, mostrando crecimiento en programas de formación, investigación y proyección social en la materia, además en aportes al cumplimiento de los ODS de la Agenda 2030 de Naciones Unidas, sin embargo, no marcha al ritmo de las exigencias globales. El mayor desafío que enfrenta, es crear un modelo con enfoque interdisciplinario capaz de generar cambios en la comunidad, para que la sostenibilidad sea una constante en la vida cotidiana de la sociedad

Determinación de las relaciones genéticas en 24 accesiones de frijol común (phaseolus vulgaris)

Se caracterizaron 24 accesiones de Phaseolus vulgaris L., de las cuales 21 son de origen andino y tres mesoamericanas. Dentro de los materiales andinos, se incluyeron variedades mejoradas y cultivariedades regionales, procedentes de diversas zonas agroecológicas de Colombia. Para la  caracterización, se utilizaron 22 sistemas isoenzimáticos, ocho de los cuales mostraron buena resolución y fueron seleccionados como marcadores bioquímicos del estudio. Seis enzimas revelaron polimorfismos: Esterasa (EST), Malato deshidrogenasa (MOH), Oeshidrogenasa Shikimica (SKOH),Rubisco (RBCS), Isocitrato deshidrogenasa (IOH), y Glutamato deshidrogenasa (GOH). Las enzimas: Transaminasa glutámica oxalacética (GOT) y Endopeptidasa (EP) fueron monomórficas para todas las accesiones estudiadas. El polimorfismo se evidenció a través de 17 loci que codificaron para un mínimo de 34 alelos diferentes. Las enzimas IOH y GOHse reportan por primera vez en el fríjol común. Para establecer las relaciones entre los grupos, se usó la distancia de Jaccard y el algoritmo de agrupación UPGMA. El dendrograma obtenido conjugó dos grupos divididos en cinco subgrupos. Los grupos principales se separaron en primera instancia por el centro de domesticación: el mesoamericano y el andino, como era de esperarse. Los tres testigos mesoamericanos fueron separados del resto en un subgrupo. Las poblaciones andinas colombianas, en las cuales se centró la importancia de este estudio, fueron divididas en cuatro subgrupos que no discriminaron, en forma marcada las variedades mejoradas de las cultivariedades regionales. Los subgrupos se analizaron y discutieron de acuerdo con sus genealogías, orígenes geográficos y lugares de adaptación, más que por sus características morfológicas.Twenty four collections of common bean, 21 from Andean origin and three from Central America were characterized, using biochemical markers. Eight out of 22 isozyme systems showed good resolution. Six enzymes were polymorphic: Esterase (EST), Malate dehydrogenase (MOH), Shikimatedehydrogenase (SKOH), Rubisco (RBCS), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IOH), and Glutamate dehydrogenase (GOH). Two other two enzymes, Glutamate oxalacetate transminase (GOT) for all accessions and Endopeptidase (EP), were monomorphic. A total of 17 loci were detected with at least 34alleles. The enzymes IOH and GOH are reported the first time for the species. To define the relationships among the accessions, the Jaccard distance and the UPGMA procedures were used. The dendogram displayed two maingroups andfive subgroups. The clusters were associated with the centers of speciess domestication : Mesoamerica and the Andes,as itwasexpected.The relationships among the subgroups were analyzed and discussed accordingto the geographical origin, sites of adaptation and lineage, rather than to their morphological similarities

XRCC2 R188H (rs3218536), XRCC3 T241M (rs861539) and R243H (rs77381814) single nucleotide polymorphisms in cervical cancer risk

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Transformation may be induced by several mechanisms, including oncogene activation and genome instability. Individual differences in DNA damage recognition and repair have been hypothesized to influence cervical cancer risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the double strand break gene polymorphisms XRCC2 R188H G>A (rs3218536), XRCC3 T241M C>T (rs861539) and R243H G>A (rs77381814) are associated to cervical cancer in Argentine women. A case control study consisting of 322 samples (205 cases and 117 controls) was carried out. HPV DNA detection was performed by PCR and genotyping of positive samples by EIA (enzyme immunoassay). XRCC2 and 3 polymorphisms were determined by pyrosequencing. The HPV-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of XRCC2 188 GG/AG genotypes was OR = 2.4 (CI = 1.1-4.9, p = 0.02) for cervical cancer. In contrast, there was no increased risk for cervical cancer with XRCC3 241 TT/CC genotypes (OR = 0.48; CI = 0.2-1; p = 0.1) or XRCC3 241 CT/CC (OR = 0.87; CI = 0.52-1.4; p = 0.6). Regarding XRCC3 R243H, the G allele was almost fixed in the population studied. In conclusion, although the sample size was modest, the present data indicate a statistical association between cervical cancer and XRCC2 R188H polymorphism. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.Fil: Perez, Luis Orlando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Crivaro, Andrea Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Barbisan, Gisela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Poleri, Lucía Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Golijow, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentin

Risk Association of TOX3 and MMP7 Gene Polymorphisms with Sporadic Breast Cancer in Mexican Women

Breast cancer (BC) has one of the highest incidences and mortality worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TOX3 rs3803662 and MMP7 rs1943779 have been associated with susceptibility to BC. In this case-control study, we evaluated the association of rs3803662 (TOX3)/rs1943779 (MMP7) SNPs with clinical features, immunohistochemical reactivity, and risk association with BC in women from northeastern Mexico. We compared 212 BC cases and 212 controls. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood to perform the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. We calculated genotype frequencies, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. We found that CT (Cytocine-Thymine) and TT (Thymine -Thymine) genotypes, and T alleles of TOX3 rs3803662, were associated with BC risk (p = 0.034, p = 0.011, respectively). SNP TOX3 rs3803662 was associated with positive progesterone receptors (PR) and triple-negative BC (TNBC) but not with estrogen receptor (ER) or HER2 reactivity. CT and TT genotypes (p = 0.006) and T alleles (p = 0.002) of SNP MMP7 rs1943779 were associated with risk of BC. We found that T alleles of TOX3 rs3803662 and MMP7 rs1943779 SNPs are associated with BC risk. These findings contribute to personalized medicine in Mexican women