Traffic calming as retail planning - the case of nørrebrogade

Traffic calming is often recognized as an effective policy to create sustainable and vibrant urban environments. The techniques of traffic calming does however challenge the often assumed aspect that an effective accessibility for cars is essential for successful retail spaces. By observing the retail mix before and after the implementation of traffic calming on a Copenhagen high-street, Nørrebrogade, as well as investigating the perceptions of expected and actual impacts from traffic calming by different stakeholders, the thesis provides a broad perspective on the relation between traffic calming and development of retail structures. The thesis firstly shows that the different assumptions of the impacts from traffic calming is based on different understandings of what attracts customers, secondly that the traffic calming has been paralleled by a considerable high percentage of business circulation, thirdly that the majority of retailers, four years after the completion of the project, has a positive perception of the retail conditions of Nørrebrogade, and fourthly that the perceptions of retailers although differs between retail categories. With these aspects in mind, traffic calming is discussed as a policy tool for retail development

Judicial Review and the Uncertain Appeal of Certainty on Appeal

Syftet med denna studie är att samla kunskap om lärares uppfattningar om och värdering av estetiska uttrycksformer i undervisningen. Studiens empiriska material har samlats in genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie där åtta lärare på sex olika skolor har intervjuats. De medverkande lärarna arbetar alla på lågstadiet i samma kommun och har ansvar för en egen klass. Lärarna har inte behövt speciella kompetenser eller behörigheter inom de estetiska uttrycksformerna för att delta i studien och informanternas ålder och kön har inte haft någon betydelse. Resultaten i studien visar att lärarna uppfattar de estetiska uttrycksformerna som lustfyllda och stimulerande för eleverna. Vidare framkommer det att de estetiska uttrycksformerna i stor utsträckning uppfattas som verktyg för att främja lärandet i skolans andra ämnen. Lärarna anser att bild är lättast att integrera med andra ämnen. En gemensam uppfattning hos lärarna är att de estetiska uttrycksformerna prioriteras bort till förmån för andra teoretiska ämnen. Resultatet i vår studie visar att lärarnas egen trygghet och kunskap är det som påverkar undervisningen. Andra faktorer som påverkar arbetssätt som innefattar estetiska uttrycksformer är tillgång på material och lokaler

Hjulryttare eller vältepettrar? Cykelplanering och synen på cyklism i Malmö ca 1870-1907

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka grunderna till cykelplaneringen i Malmö från ca 1870 till 1900-talets första decennium. Den tillämpade metoden är en så kallad triangulering där Malmö kommuns planeringsaktörer såväl som den före detta cykelklubben Malmö Velocipklubb och tidningen Hjulsport kommer till tals. Resultatet visar på vilka uppfattningar om cyklister såväl som cyklism som styrde de olika aktörerna i olika riktningar samt bidrog till olika konflikter

Impact of Major RF Impairments on mm-wave Communications using OFDM Waveforms

In this paper, we study the joint impact of three major RF im-pairments, namely, oscillator phase noise, power amplifier non-linearity and I/Q imbalance on the performance of a mm-wave communication link based on OFDM modulation. General im-pairment models are first derived for describing the joint effects in each TX, each RX as well as a mm-wave communication link. Based on the obtained signal models and initial air interface de-sign from the mmMAGIC project, we numerically evaluate the impact of RF impairments on channel estimation in terms of channel-to-noise ratio (CNR) and also channel fluctuation due to common phase error (CPE) caused by phase noise within the channel coherence time. Then the impact on the link performance in terms of maximum sum rate is evaluated using extensive com-puter simulations. The simulation results show that the used air interface design is generally robust to the presence of RF impair-ments. With regard to the use of high order modulation alphabet and implementation of low-power and low-cost RF transceivers in mm-wave communication, special attention needs to be paid on phase noise where the inter-carrier-interference (ICI) can become a major limiting factor

The VAR2CSA malaria protein efficiently retrieves circulating tumor cells in an EpCAM-independent manner

Isolation of metastatic circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from cancer patients is of high value for disease monitoring and molecular characterization. Despite the development of many new CTC isolation platforms in the last decade, their isolation and detection has remained a challenge due to the lack of specific and sensitive markers. In this feasibility study, we present a method for CTC isolation based on the specific binding of the malaria rVAR2 protein to oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS). We show that rVAR2 efficiently captures CTCs from hepatic, lung, pancreatic, and prostate carcinoma patients with minimal contamination of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Expression of ofCS is present on epithelial and mesenchymal cancer cells and is equally preserved during epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. In 25 stage I-IV prostate cancer patient samples, CTC enumeration significantly correlates with disease stage. Lastly, rVAR2 targets a larger and more diverse population of CTCs compared to anti-EpCAM strategies

RAB32 Ser71Arg in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease:linkage, association, and functional analyses

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial causes, among which genetic risk factors play a part. The RAB GTPases are regulators and substrates of LRRK2, and variants in the LRRK2 gene are important risk factors for Parkinson's disease. We aimed to explore genetic variability in RAB GTPases within cases of familial Parkinson's disease.METHODS: We did whole-exome sequencing in probands from families in Canada and Tunisia with Parkinson's disease without a genetic cause, who were recruited from the Centre for Applied Neurogenetics (Vancouver, BC, Canada), an international consortium that includes people with Parkinson's disease from 36 sites in 24 countries. 61 RAB GTPases were genetically screened, and candidate variants were genotyped in relatives of the probands to assess disease segregation by linkage analysis. Genotyping was also done to assess variant frequencies in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and controls, matched for age and sex, who were also from the Centre for Applied Neurogenetics but unrelated to the probands or each other. All participants were aged 18 years or older. The sequencing and genotyping findings were validated by case-control association analyses using bioinformatic data obtained from publicly available clinicogenomic databases (AMP-PD, GP2, and 100 000 Genomes Project) and a private German clinical diagnostic database (University of Tübingen). Clinical and pathological findings were summarised and haplotypes were determined. In-vitro studies were done to investigate protein interactions and enzyme activities.FINDINGS: Between June 1, 2010, and May 31, 2017, 130 probands from Canada and Tunisia (47 [36%] female and 83 [64%] male; mean age 72·7 years [SD 11·7; range 38-96]; 109 White European ancestry, 18 north African, two east Asian, and one Hispanic] underwent whole-exome sequencing. 15 variants in RAB GTPase genes were identified, of which the RAB32 variant c.213C&gt;G (Ser71Arg) cosegregated with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease in three families (nine affected individuals; non-parametric linkage Z score=1·95; p=0·03). 2604 unrelated individuals with Parkinson's disease and 344 matched controls were additionally genotyped, and five more people originating from five countries (Canada, Italy, Poland, Turkey, and Tunisia) were identified with the RAB32 variant. From the database searches, in which 6043 individuals with Parkinson's disease and 62 549 controls were included, another eight individuals were identified with the RAB32 variant from four countries (Canada, Germany, UK, and USA). Overall, the association of RAB32 c.213C&gt;G (Ser71Arg) with Parkinson's disease was significant (odds ratio [OR] 13·17, 95% CI 2·15-87·23; p=0·0055; I2=99·96%). In the people who had the variant, Parkinson's disease presented at age 54·6 years (SD 12·75, range 31-81, n=16), and two-thirds had a family history of parkinsonism. RAB32 Ser71Arg heterozygotes shared a common haplotype, although penetrance was incomplete. Findings in one individual at autopsy showed sparse neurofibrillary tangle pathology in the midbrain and thalamus, without Lewy body pathology. In functional studies, RAB32 Arg71 activated LRRK2 kinase to a level greater than RAB32 Ser71.INTERPRETATION: RAB32 Ser71Arg is a novel genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease, with reduced penetrance. The variant was found in individuals with Parkinson's disease from multiple ethnic groups, with the same haplotype. In-vitro assays show that RAB32 Arg71 activates LRRK2 kinase, which indicates that genetically distinct causes of familial parkinsonism share the same mechanism. The discovery of RAB32 Ser71Arg also suggests several genetically inherited causes of Parkinson's disease originated to control intracellular immunity. This shared aetiology should be considered in future translational research, while the global epidemiology of RAB32 Ser71Arg needs to be assessed to inform genetic counselling.FUNDING: National Institutes of Health, the Canada Excellence Research Chairs program, Aligning Science Across Parkinson's, the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, and the UK Medical Research Council.</p

Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine

Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder affecting around one in seven people worldwide, but its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. There is some debate about whether migraine is a disease of vascular dysfunction or a result of neuronal dysfunction with secondary vascular changes. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have thus far identified 13 independent loci associated with migraine. To identify new susceptibility loci, we carried out a genetic study of migraine on 59,674 affected subjects and 316,078 controls from 22 GWA studies. We identified 44 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with migraine risk (P < 5 × 10−8) that mapped to 38 distinct genomic loci, including 28 loci not previously reported and a locus that to our knowledge is the first to be identified on chromosome X. In subsequent computational analyses, the identified loci showed enrichment for genes expressed in vascular and smooth muscle tissues, consistent with a predominant theory of migraine that highlights vascular etiologies