16 research outputs found

    An谩lisis de ciclo de vida de la construcci贸n de una carretera en una zona de amortiguamiento en la provincia de Manu, Madre de Dios

    Get PDF
    La propuesta de la construcci贸n de una carretera afirmada de 45 kil贸metros en una zona ambientalmente sensible ubicada entre el Parque Nacional del Manu y la Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri ha encendido un apasionado debate entre diferentes entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. Esto ha puesto en duda los posibles beneficios que inicialmente el proyecto puede generar. Por ello, se ha realizado una evaluaci贸n ambiental utilizando la herramienta de An谩lisis de Ciclo de Vida, evaluando aspectos como el cambio clim谩tico, formaci贸n de material particulado, eutrofizaci贸n, agotamiento de ozono, entre otros. Se utiliz贸 una unidad funcional de 1 kil贸metro de carretera en 1 a帽o de uso y se evaluaron las etapas de construcci贸n, uso y mantenimiento. Se utiliz贸 informaci贸n primaria en lo referido al consumo de material y se modelaron emisiones como el CO2 biog茅nico y el material particulado. Se utiliz贸 la metodolog铆a de c谩lculo IPCC 2013 para cambio clim谩tico y ReCiPe 2008 para 17 categor铆as de impacto restantes. Este estudio es pionero en su tipo y los resultados obtenidos reflejan que el costo ambiental de este tipo de proyectos es dram谩ticamente mayor que el pronosticado. En lo que refiere al cambio clim谩tico, se revel贸 que 11 toneladas de CO2eq por kil贸metro de carretera son generados producto de los efectos directos de la construcci贸n de la carretera. La destrucci贸n del bosque primario y secundario representa aproximadamente el 80% de estas emisiones, mientras que el 20% restante corresponde a la construcci贸n, uso y mantenimiento de la carretera. Para las restantes categor铆as de impacto, la formaci贸n de part铆culas aparece no solo como una importante fuente de impacto ambiental debido a las emisiones del veh铆culo, sino tambi茅n debido a la pulverizaci贸n del material de la superficie. Por el contrario, el agotamiento de los recursos abi贸ticos (por ejemplo, agua, metales o combustibles f贸siles) mostr贸 un menor impacto ambiental que lo esperado debido a que se utilizaron materias primas locales y el nivel tecnol贸gico era b谩sico. Finalmente, se recomienda realizar evaluaciones m谩s exhaustivas y con visi贸n de ciclo de vida en todos los proyectos viales ubicados en zonas de alta complejidad ambiental. Por ello, se considera que los resultados e inventarios obtenidos pueden ser de mucha utilidad para ser usados en situaciones similares al caso de estudio presentado en esta investigaci贸n.Tesi

    Multi-objective optimization of nutritional, environmental and economic aspects of diets applied to the Spanish context

    Get PDF
    Current food consumption patterns must be revised in order to improve their sustainability. The nutritional, environmental, and economic consequences of these dietary patterns must be taken into consideration when diet guidelines are proposed. This study applied a systematic optimization methodology to define sustainable dietary patterns complying with nutritional, environmental, and economic issues. The methodology was based on a multi-objective optimization model that considered a distance-to-target approach. Although the three simultaneous objectives (maximal nutritional contribution, minimal greenhouse gas emissions, and minimal costs) could be divergent, the proposed model identified the optimal intake of each food product to achieve the maximal level of nutritional, environmental, and economic diets. This model was applied to six different eating patterns within the Spanish context: one based on current food consumption and five alternative diets. The results revealed that dietary patterns with improved nutritional profiles and reduced environmental impacts could be defined without additional costs just by increasing the consumption of vegetables, fruits, and legumes, while reducing the intake of meat and fishThis research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness, grant number CERES-PROCON Project CTM2016-76176 (AEI/FEDER, UE), and KAIROS-BIOCIR Project PID2019-104925RB (AEO/FEDER, UE)

    An谩lisis de la expansi贸n vial en la Amazon铆a peruana y su impacto en el cambio clim谩tico

    Get PDF
    La selva amaz贸nica alberga alrededor del 60 % del bosque tropical del mundo y es un elemento fundamental en t茅rminos de biodiversidad, clima y secuestro de carbono del planeta. En este contexto, el Gobierno Peruano rati铿乧贸 el a帽o 2015 sus intenciones por reducir sus emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en un 20 % con respecto a un escenario habitual mediante reducciones en el sector de cambio de uso de suelos. La construcci贸n de carreteras es una de las principales actividades asociadas a este sector e importante generador de deforestaci贸n. En los 煤ltimos a帽os el Per煤 se ha atravesado un considerable incremento de su infraestructura vial, y se espera que esta expansi贸n siga en aumento. En este sentido, la presente investigaci贸n tiene como principal objetivo contribuir al entendimiento de los efectos que la expansi贸n vial puede generar en el cambio de uso de suelos, y posteriormente en el cambio clim谩tico en toda la Amazon铆a peruana. Para ello, se construyeron diferentes modelos de aprendizaje autom谩tico (random forest, regresi贸n log铆stica y redes neuronales) para predecir la potencial deforestaci贸n en un periodo de 15 a帽os. Se utiliz贸 informaci贸n georreferenciada y herramientas computacionales del estado del arte. Los resultados indican que, evaluando solo un proyecto vial en particular, se podr铆an generar 73.2 Mt de CO2eq. Este valor supera en demas铆a a las 60 Mt de CO2eq estimadas por el Gobierno Peruano como meta de reducci贸n. Por lo que se concluye que las estimaciones realizadas por el estado subestiman los efectos de la construcci贸n de carreteras. Finalmente, el marco metodol贸gico presentado es novedoso y 煤til para construir e implementar modelos de predicci贸n de deforestaci贸n para el c谩lculo de emisiones de GEI y puede ser implementado para analizar otros casos de estudioTesi

    A machine learning approach to understand how accessibility influences alluvial gold mining expansion in the Peruvian Amazon

    No full text
    Alluvial small-scale gold mining (ASGM) mining in the Amazon is expanding fiercely, generating severe environmental degradation, which includes the fast disappearance of primary forests in a highly biodiverse area of the world. Different factors motivate the growth of mining in the areas and understanding this expansion is important to safeguard protected areas or implement strategies to mitigate the related social and environmental impacts. Thus, the goal of this study is to apply machine learning techniques to explore gold mining expansion in Madre de Dios, in the Peruvian Amazon, and to identify possible future hotspots of these activities. Using an unsupervised learning algorithm and a random forest classification model, past expansion trends were analyzed and an explicit geo-spatial model was built. Results demonstrate that proximity to infrastructure is not always indicative of high mining probability. In fact, when analyzing the spatial distribution of model accuracy, it is observed that model performance decreases in clusters where accessibility and mining activity showed opposite trends. In contrast, the models yield accuracies greater than 0.9 when accessibility-related variables stand out as the most important. The model, which is flexible and reproducible, demonstrates to be useful to enhance decision making when implementing geo-spatial policies to address the problem of ASGM expansion in the Amazon

    Climate change mitigation opportunities based on carbon footprint estimates of dietary patterns in Peru

    No full text
    <div><p>Food consumption accounts for an important proportion of the world GHG emissions per capita. Previous studies have delved into the nature of dietary patterns, showing that GHG reductions can be achieved in diets if certain foods are consumed rather than other, more GHG intensive products. For instance, vegetarian and low-meat diets have proved to be less carbon intensive than diets that are based on ruminant meat. These environmental patterns, increasingly analyzed in developed nations, are yet to be assessed in countries liked Peru where food purchase represents a relatively high percentage of the average household expenditure, ranging from 38% to 51% of the same. Therefore, food consumption can be identified as a potential way to reduce GHG emissions in Peru. However, the Peruvian government lacks a specific strategy to mitigate emissions in this sector, despite the recent ratification of the Paris Accord. In view of this, the main objective of this study is to analyze the environmental impacts of a set of 47 Peruvian food diet profiles, including geographical and socioeconomic scenarios. In order to do this, Life Cycle Assessment was used as the methodological framework to obtain the overall impacts of the components in the dietary patterns observed and primary data linked to the composition of diets were collected from the Peruvian National Institute for Statistics (INEI). Life cycle inventories for the different products that are part of the Peruvian diet were obtained from a set of previous scientific articles and reports regarding food production. Results were computed using the IPCC 2013 assessment method to estimate GHG emissions. Despite variations in GHG emissions from a geographical perspective, no significant differences were observed between cities located in the three Peruvian natural regions (i.e., coast, Andes and Amazon basin). In contrast, there appears to be a strong, positive correlation between GHG emissions and social expenditure or academic status. When compared to GHG emissions computed in the literature for developed nations, where the average caloric intake is substantially higher, diet-related emissions in Peru were in the low range. Our results could be used as a baseline for policy support to align nutritional and health policies in Peru with the need to reduce the environmental impacts linked to food production.</p></div

    Schematic representation of the model created to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to dietary patterns in Peru.

    No full text
    <p>Grey boxes represent raw data processing, green boxes partial results and the orange box represents the final GHG emissions per scenario.</p

    Individual Global Warming Potential (GWP) values (kg CO<sub>2</sub>eq/kg of produce or bone free meat) for the different food products considered.

    No full text
    <p>Individual Global Warming Potential (GWP) values (kg CO<sub>2</sub>eq/kg of produce or bone free meat) for the different food products considered.</p

    Food categories included in the study based on the division provided by the <i>Encuesta Nacional de Prespuestos Familiares</i> (ENAPREF, 2012).

    No full text
    <p>Food categories included in the study based on the division provided by the <i>Encuesta Nacional de Prespuestos Familiares</i> (ENAPREF, 2012).</p
    corecore