Прихована та захищена передача інформації в сенсорних і локально-регіональних радіомережах

Для реалізації прихованої у шумах радіоканалу та захищеної передачі пакетів даних у радіомережах на кожній абонентській системі запропонована реалізація комплексу алгоритмів, включаючи компактне кодування даних, криптостійке кодування даних з використанням одноразових шифрів, завадостійке кодування даних пакетів з використанням абонентом-відправником та абонентом-отримувачем пакету генерації псевдовипадкових послідовностей, перемішування даних та формування шумоподібних інтервально-імпульсних послідовностей з базою сигналу, яка попередньо узгоджена з поточним рівнем шумів у каналі зв’язку.Для реализации скрытой в шумах радиоканала и защищенной передачи пакетов данных в радиосетях на на каждой абонентской системе предложена реализация комплекса алгоритмов, включая компактное кодирование данных, криптоустойчивое кодирование данных с использованием одноразовых шифров, помехоустойчивое кодирование данных пакетов с использованием абонентом-отправителем и абонентом-получателем пакета генерации псевдослучайных последовательностей, перемешивание данных и формирование шумоподобных интервально-импульсных последовательностей с базой сигнала, которая предварительно согласована с текущим уровнем шумов в канале связи.To implement in radio networks secure data transfer hidden in radio noises on each subscriber system, it is proposed the implementation of complex algorithms and crypto-resistant encoding data with single-use codes, antinoise encoding data packets with a subscriber-sender and recipient of the call-receiver package generation pseudorandom sequences, data mixing and formation of noise-interval pulse sequence with a base signal that previously coordinated with the current noise in the channel of communication

Population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in Glossina palpalis palpalis and domestic animals of the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of Cameroon

BACKGROUND: Human African Trypanosomiasis is still a public health threat in Cameroon. To assess Trypanosoma brucei strains circulating in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus, we conducted a genetic structure study using microsatellites to assess genotypes circulating in both tsetse flies and domestic animals. METHOD: For this study, pyramidal traps were set up and 2695 tsetse flies were collected and 1535 (57%) living flies were dissected and their mid-guts collected. Furthermore, blood samples were collected from 397 domestic animals (pigs, goats, sheep and dogs). DNA was extracted from midguts and blood samples, and specific primers were used to identify trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon. All positive samples were genetically characterized with seven microsatellite markers. RESULTS: Seventy five (4.7%) midguts of tsetse flies and 140 (35.2%) domestic animals were found infected by trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon. The genetic characterization of 215 Trypanozoon positive samples (75 from tsetse and 140 from animals) revealed a genetic diversity between Trypanosoma brucei circulating in tsetse and domestic animals. Of these positive samples, 87 (40.5%) single infections were used here to investigate the population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in tsetse and domestic animals. The dendrogram illustrating the genetic similarities between Trypanosoma brucei genotypes was subdivided into four clusters. The samples from tsetse belonged to the same cluster whereas the samples from domestic animals and espcially pigs were distributed in the four clusters. CONCLUSION: Pigs appeared as the animal species harboring the highest number of different Trypanosoma brucei strains. They may play an important role in the propagation of different genotypes. The F(ST) values revealed a sub structuration of Trypanosoma brucei according to hosts and sometimes villages. The data obtained from this study may have considerable importance for the understanding of the transmission and the spread of specific genotypes of Trypanosoma brucei

Human African Trypanosomiasis Transmission, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

To investigate the epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2 entomologic surveys were conducted in 2005. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and human-blood meals were found in tsetse fly midguts, which suggested active disease transmission. Vector control should be used to improve human African trypanosomiasis control efforts

Candidate genes-based investigation of susceptibility to Human African Trypanosomiasis in Cote d'Ivoire

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a Neglected Tropical Disease. Long regarded as an invariably fatal disease, there is increasing evidence that infection by T. b. gambiense can result in a wide range of clinical outcomes, including latent infections, which are long lasting infections with no parasites detectable by microscopy. The determinants of this clinical diversity are not well understood but could be due in part to parasite or host genetic diversity in multiple genes, or their interactions. A candidate gene association study was conducted in Côte d’Ivoire using a case-control design which included a total of 233 subjects (100 active HAT cases, 100 controls and 33 latent infections). All three possible pairwise comparisons between the three phenotypes were tested using 96 SNPs in16 candidate genes (IL1, IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL12R, TNFA, INFG, MIF, APOL1, HPR, CFH, HLA-A and HLA-G). Data from 77 SNPs passed quality control. There were suggestive associations at three loci in IL6 and TNFA in the comparison between active cases and controls, one SNP in each of APOL1, MIF and IL6 in the comparison between latent infections and active cases and seven SNP in IL4, HLA-G and TNFA between latent infections and controls. No associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction, but the Benjamini Hochberg false discovery rate test indicated that there were strong probabilities that at least some of the associations were genuine. The excess of associations with latent infections despite the small number of samples available suggests that these subjects form a distinct genetic cluster different from active HAT cases and controls, although no clustering by phenotype was observed by principle component analysis. This underlines the complexity of the interactions existing between host genetic polymorphisms and parasite diversity

A polymorphism in the haptoglobin, haptoglobin related protein locus is associated with risk of human sleeping sickness within Cameroonian populations

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected disease targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. Elimination requires a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical evolution of HAT. In addition to the classical clinical evolution of HAT, asymptomatic carriers and spontaneous cure have been reported in West Africa. A genetic component to human susceptibility to HAT has been suggested to explain these newly observed responses to infection. In order to test for genetic associations with infection response, genetic polymorphism in 17 genes were tested (APOL1, IL1B, IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL8, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL10, TNFA, INFG, MIF, HLA-G, HLA-A, HP, HPR and CFH). A case-control study was performed on 180 blood samples collected from 56 cases and 124 controls from Cameroon. DNA was extracted from blood samples. After quality control, 25 samples (24 controls and 1 case) were eliminated. The genotyping undertaken on 155 individuals including 55 cases and 100 controls were investigated at 96 loci (88 SNPs and 8 indels) located on 17 genes. Associations between these loci and HAT were estimated via a case-control association test. Analyses of 64 SNPs and 4 indels out of 96 identified in the selected genes reveal that the minor allele (T) of rs8062041 in haptoglobin (HP) appeared to be protective against HAT (p = 0.0002395, OR 0.359 (CI95 [0.204-0.6319])); indicating higher frequency in cases compared to controls. This minor allele with adjusted p value of 0.0163 is associated with a lower risk (protective effect) of developing sleeping sickness. The haptoglobin related protein HPR and HP are tightly linked and both are duplicated in some people and may lead to higher activity. This increased production could be responsible of the protection associated with rs8062041 even though this SNP is within HP

Molecular identification of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo

During the last 30 years, investigations on the microbiome of different tsetse species have generated substantial data on the bacterial flora of these cyclical vectors of African trypanosomes, with the overarching goal of improving the control of trypanosomiases. It is in this context that the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius was studied in wild populations of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps. Of the 700 Glossina f. quanzensis captured, 360 were dissected and their midguts collected and analyzed. Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia were identified by PCR. The Wolbachia-positive samples were genetically characterized with five molecular markers. PCR revealed 84.78% and 15.55% midguts infected by Wolbachia and S. glossinidius, respectively. The infection rates varied according to capture sites. Of the five molecular markers used to characterize Wolbachia, only the fructose bis-phosphate aldolase gene was amplified for about 60% of midguts previously found with Wolbachia infections. The sequencing results confirmed the presence of Wolbachia and revealed the presence of S. glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina f. quanzensis. A low level of midguts were naturally co-infected by both bacteria. The data generated in this study open a framework for investigations aimed at understanding the contribution of these symbiotic microorganisms to the vectorial competence of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis

Contribution to the sustainable management of the Wouri watershed by a study of the distribution of its culicidian fauna (Littoral-Cameroon)

Une étude comparative entre la diversité et la productivité culicidiennes du fleuve Wouri et celles de sa rive a été menée pour évaluer la possibilité de préserver le cours d’eau d’un ""larviciding"" qui affecterait les ressources halieutiques lors des campagnes anti-larvaires. Les stations d’étude sur le fleuve Wouri et les gîtes larvaires de sa rive ont été cartographiés, leur productivité culicidienne ainsi que leurs paramètres physico-chimiques mesurés. Les moustiques échantillonnés ont été identifiés morphologiquement et ceux du complexe Anopheles gambiae par la biologie moléculaire. Huit types de gîtes larvaires ont été répertoriés sur la rive avec une fréquence plus élevée des gîtes artificiels dont la productivité culicidienne était significativement plus élevée que celle des gîtes naturels. Les communautés culicidiennes du fleuve Wouri et de sa rive présentaient une similarité spécifique. Cependant 93 % de l’ensemble des moustiques échantillonnés et 94 % des vecteurs du paludisme identifiés provenaient de la rive. La préservation du fleuve Wouri pourrait être envisagée lors des campagnes de ""larviciding"" compte tenu de sa productivité culicidienne, de son importance écologique et socio-économique.A comparative study of the culicidian diversity and productivity of the Wouri River and its shoreline has been carried out to evaluate the possibility of preserving the water course from a ""larviciding"" which will affect fishery resources during anti-larval campaigns. The study stations on the Wouri River and the larval breeding sites on its bank have been mapped, their culicidian productivity as well as their physico-chemical parameters measured. The sampled mosquitoes were identified morphologically and those of the Anopheles gambiae complex by molecular biology. Eight types of breeding sites were recorded on the bank with a higher frequency of artificial lodges with significantly higher culicidian productivity than natural deposits. The culicidian communities of the Wouri River and its shore had a specific similarity. However, 93 % of all mosquitoes sampled and 94 % of the malaria vectors identified came from the shoreline. The preservation of the Wouri River could be envisaged during the ""larviciding"" campaigns in view of its culicidian productivity, its ecological and socio-economic importance

Association between IL1 gene polymorphism and human African trypanosomiasis in populations of sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon

<div><p>Background</p><p>Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infections due to <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> subspecies. In addition to the well-established environmental and behavioural risks of becoming infected, there is evidence for a genetic component to the response to trypanosome infection. We undertook a candidate gene case-control study to investigate genetic associations further.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>We genotyped one polymorphism in each of seven genes (<i>IL1A</i>, <i>IL1RN</i>, <i>IL4RN</i>, <i>IL6</i>, <i>HP</i>, <i>HPR</i>, and <i>HLA-G</i>) in 73 cases and 250 controls collected from 19 ethno-linguistic subgroups stratified into three major ethno-linguistic groups, 2 pooled ethno-linguistic groups and 11 ethno-linguistic subgroups from three Cameroonian HAT foci. The seven polymorphic loci tested consisted of three SNPs, three variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) and one INDEL.</p><p>Results</p><p>We found that the genotype (TT) and minor allele (T) of <i>IL1A</i> gene as well as the genotype 1A3A of <i>IL1RN</i> were associated with an increased risk of getting <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i> and develop HAT when all data were analysed together and also when stratified by the three major ethno-linguistic groups, 2 pooled ethno-linguistic subgroups and 11 ethno-linguistic subgroups.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>This study revealed that one SNP rs1800794 of <i>IL1A</i> and one VNTR rs2234663 of <i>IL1RN</i> were associated with the increased risk to be infected by <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i> and develop sleeping sickness in southern Cameroon. The minor allele T and the genotype TT of SNP rs1800794 in <i>IL1A</i> as well as the genotype 1A3A of <i>IL1RN</i> rs2234663 VNTR seem to increase the risk of getting <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i> infections and develop sleeping sickness in southern Cameroon.</p></div