Community Self-Analysis and Temporary Intervention in Arts and Cultural Districts

The collected data revealed opportunities for integrating shared cultural elements into housing design; it also informed the program and concept for the Doctorate Design Project while supporting the viability of culturally appropriate public housing design in the United States. The project illustrates that the process of understanding specific cultures can ultimately reveal universal strategies for improving the quality of life for residents from any culture

電流誘起磁壁移動に基づくスピントロニクス応用に向けたMn4N薄膜の物性評価

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

電流誘起磁壁移動に基づくスピントロニクス応用に向けたMn4N薄膜の物性評価

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

Structural characterization and magnetic properties of L10-MnAl films grown on different underlayers by molecular beam epitaxy

We grow MnAl films on different underlayers by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and investigate their structural and magnetic properties. L10-ordered MnAl films were successfully grown both on an MgO(0 0 1) single-crystalline substrate and on an Mn4N(0 0 1) buffer layer formed on MgO(0 0 1) and SrTiO3(0 0 1) substrates. For the MgO substrate, post rapid thermal annealing (RTA) drastically improved the crystalline quality and the degree of L10-ordering, whereas no improvement in the crystallinity was achieved by altering the substrate temperature (TS) during MBE growth. However, high-quality L10-MnAl films were formed on the Mn4N buffer layer by simply varying TS. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction showed MnAl on an MgO substrate had a cubic structure whereas MnAl on the Mn4N buffer had a tetragonal structure. This difference in crystal structure affected the magnetic properties of the MnAl films. The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant (Ku) was drastically improved by inserting an Mn4N buffer layer. We achieved a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Ku = 5.0 ± 0.7 Merg/cm3 for MnAl/Mn4N film on MgO and 6.0 ± 0.2 Merg/cm3 on STO. These results suggest that Mn4N has potential as an underlayer for L10-MnAl

Epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of Fe4−xMnxN thin films grown on MgO(0 0 1) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

Epitaxial Fe4−xMnxN (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) thin films were successfully grown on MgO(0 0 1) single-crystal substrates by molecular beam epitaxy, and their crystalline qualities and magnetic properties were investigated. It was found that the lattice constants of Fe4−xMnxN obtained from X-ray diffraction measurement increased with the Mn content. The ratio of the perpendicular lattice constant c to the in-plane lattice constant a of Fe4−xMnxN was found to be about 0.99 at x2. The magnetic properties evaluated using a vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature revealed that all of the Fe4−xMnxN films exhibited ferromagnetic behavior regardless of the value of x. In addition, the saturation magnetization decreased non-linearly as the Mn content increased. Finally, FeMn3N and Mn4N exhibited perpendicular anisotropy and their uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energies were 2.2 × 105 and 7.5 × 105 erg/cm3, respectively

Relationship between dental caries and socio-economic factors in adolescents

Dental caries has a multifactorial etiology, including socio-economic variables and access to dental care, which were discussed in the national survey conducted in 2002. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-economic aspects and access to dental care, associated with caries prevalence and severity in adolescents from the State of São Paulo. The study design was cross-sectional, on which data on 1,825 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years achieved from the data of an epidemiological survey conducted in the State of São Paulo in 2002 were analyzed. Epidemiological exams and interviews with previously formulated questions were used in the survey. The Significant Caries Index (SiC Index) was utilized to determine the group with higher caries experience. Frequency distribution and chi-square association tests were carried out in order to evaluate the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable (DMFT). Confidence intervals and odds ratio (OR) were estimated. The risk factors pointed as indicators of presence of dental caries were as follows: not being a student, studying at public schools, family income lower than 5 Brazilian minimum wages. Moreover, not having an own house or a car seemed to contribute to caries experience. With regard to the access to public dental care, the adolescents assisted at public centers and looking for emergency dental care had the higher caries experience. Thus, the results showed that social deprivation is associated with caries experience in adolescents from the State of São Paulo.A cárie dentária tem origem multifatorial e dentro desta multifatoriedade estão as variáveis sócio-econômicas e as de acesso a serviços odontológicos que foram abordadas no levantamento nacional realizado em 2002. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os fatores sócio-econômicos e de acesso aos serviços odontológicos associados com a prevalência e severidade da cárie dentária entre adolescentes no Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento do estudo foi do tipo transversal, onde foram analisados os dados de 1825 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos de idade, obtidos a partir do levantamento epidemiológico em saúde bucal, realizado no Estado de São Paulo, em 2002, que incluiu exames epidemiológicos e entrevistas com questões previamente formuladas. O Significant Caries Index (SiC Index) foi empregado para definir o grupo com maior experiência de cárie. Foram realizados cálculos da distribuição de freqüência, testes de associação do Qui-quadrado (c²) para avaliar o relacionamento entre a variável dependente (CPOD) e as variáveis independentes, estimando-se as razões de chance (Odds Ratio - OR) e respectivos intervalos de confiança. Não ser estudante, estudar em escolas públicas e renda familiar menor que 5 salários-mínimos foram indicadores para a presença de cárie dentária. Além destes fatores citados, não possuir automóvel e residir em casa cedida pareceram contribuir para a experiência de cárie. Quanto ao acesso aos serviços odontológicos, os adolescentes atendidos em serviço público e os que procuraram atendimento por motivo de urgência tiveram maior experiência de cárie. Portanto, concluiu-se que os resultados indicaram que a privação social parece estar relacionada a experiência de cárie dentária em adolescentes no Estado de São Paulo

Dental caries and treatment needs in adolescents from the state of São Paulo, 1998 and 2002

OBJETIVO: Avaliar indicadores de prevalência e severidade de cárie em adolescentes e as necessidades de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram obtidos a partir de levantamentos epidemiológicos em saúde bucal realizados no Estado de São Paulo em 1998 e 2002, com adolescentes de 12 e 18 anos de idade. A experiência de cárie foi medida pelo índice de dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos e restaurados (CPOD) e a necessidade de tratamento foi avaliada segundo critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O signifi cant caries index foi empregado para definir a experiência de cárie de um terço do grupo que apresentou maior experiência da doença. Para a idade de 12 anos, os exames ocorreram em escolas públicas e privadas, em 1998 (N=9.327) e 2002 (N=5.782), enquanto que os adolescentes de 18 anos, em 2002, foram examinados em seus domicílios (N=5195, em 1998 e N=257 em 2002). RESULTADOS: Aos 12 anos de idade, o índice CPOD foi de 3,72 em 1998 e de 2,52 em 2002, enquanto que aos 18 anos foi de 8,64 e 7,13, respectivamente. O significant caries index aos 12 anos foi de 7,40 (1998) e 5,62 (2002), aos 18 anos foi de 15,05 e 12,19, respectivamente. Aos 12 anos observou-se aumento de necessidades de restaurações de uma superfície (p<0,0001) e de selantes aos 18 anos (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se que houve declínio da cárie entre os adolescentes e a maioria das necessidades de tratamento odontológicas foram de baixa complexidade.Sem bols

Effect of 5% fluoride varnish application on caries among school children in rural Brazil: a randomized controlled trial

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91213/1/cdoe656.pd

Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa Presented with Digital Gangrene: A Case Report

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (CPAN) is an uncommon form of vasculitis involving small and medium sized arteries of unknown etiology. The disease can be differentiated from polyarteritis nodosa by its limitation to the skin and lack of progression to visceral involvement. The characteristic manifestations are subcutaneous nodule, livedo reticularis, and ulceration, mostly localized on the lower extremity. Arthralgia, myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, and constitutional symptoms such as fever and malaise may also be present. We describe a 34-yr-old woman presented with severe ischemic change of the fingertip and subcutaneous nodules without systemic manifestations as an unusual initial manifestation of CPAN. Therapy with corticosteroid and alprostadil induce a moderate improvement of skin lesions. However, necrosis of the finger got worse and the finger was amputated