Phase Analysis and Micro Structure of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation method and calined at at 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. The synthesized as well as calcined ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by DSC TG, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FE SEM. X-ray diffraction result indicates that the sample is having a crystalline wurtzite phase. Crystallite size of ZnO nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures was determined using Scherrer’s formula. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE SEM) result reveals that the ZnO sample is spherical in shape, rod like structure and polycrystalline nature. Crystallite sizes and lattice strain were also analyzed using Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysi

Minimizing Decoherence in Optical Fiber for Long Distance Quantum Communication

In this research work, I have derived analytical models for decoherence of quantum states of light and developed techniques based on Dynamical Decoupling (DD) to preserve the quantum state of polarization qubit and Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) qudit in single-mode, multi-mode and specialized optical fibers. In subsequent work, I have derived the analytical model for decoherence of an entangled state in an optical fiber to show that such a decoherence causes loss of entanglement. I also showed that such states can be preserved with DD. In Chapter 1, I have introduced the subject of a quantum computer and its relation to quantum communication. I give a brief overview of fundamental concepts and tools required to understand the subject matter. In Chapter 2, I discuss optical fibers from the perspective of the electromagnetic wave in a waveguide and explain the modes in an optical fiber. Later, I explain about the sources of noise or refractive index fluctuation in an optical fiber and show how to numerically reproduce a model of an optical fiber. In Chapter 3, I introduce the topic of quantum decoherence and discuss in detail an open-loop control technique called Dynamical Decoupling, that is applied to the system to minimize decoherence. I discuss ideal and nonideal pulse sequences used for suppressing decoherence. In Chapter 4, I derive the analytical model for decoherence of a polarization qubit in a single-mode, multi-mode fiber, and decoherence OAM qudit in specialized multi-mode fiber. In Chapter 5, I introduce the topic of entanglement for the bipartite system and multi-partite system, and a measure called concurrence to quantify the entanglement. I then derive the analytic model for decoherence of a pure entangled state and show that decoherence causes loss of entanglement for the case of a pure and mixed Werner-like state. \break In Chapter 6, I discuss the method of numerical simulation and show by numerical simulation that polarization qubit, OAM qudit and entanglement of polarization qudit can be preserved with dynamical decoupling in an optical fiber. In Chapter 7, I have summarized the results and discuss the scope of future work. In the appendix, I have included additional research work not directly related to the current topic of decoherence in an optical fiber. To summarize my research, I have derived a model for decoherence and then numerically showed that a polarization qubit can be preserved in a single mode and multi-mode optical fiber. I also show that an OAM qudit can be preserved for a certain maximum value of quantum number l . Finally, I show that entanglement of pure and Werner mixed states can be preserved

“555 Manish Technique” for Mini TEP Repair

TEP repair of inguinal hernia has gained popularity in last two decades. TEP repair has steep learning curve due to limited working space. The current Hasson trocar approach is the only technique known among laparoscopic surgeons. Creating pre-peritoneal space without injuring the peritoneum is again a challenging task in the initial part of surgery. Accidental pneumoperitoneum can further compromise the pre-peritoneal space which leads to difficult dissection and prolongation of operative time. Larger infra-umbilical incision for large cone of Hasson trocar has its own complications in terms of more pain, more SSI, incisional hernia, increased cost for morbidity management and suboptimal cosmetic result due to large scar below the belly button. We have innovated a “555 Manish Technique” which addresses the shortcomings of conventional TEP repair. We complete Mini TEP repair by all three 5 mm ports using “555 Manish Technique” with the help of an indigenous “Manish Retractor” which plays a key role. We have also innovated a simple technique to insert an adequate size light weight polypropylene mesh through 5 mm port using “Tail pull” technique. “555 Manish Technique” is simple, less invasive, less morbid, time saving, cost effective and having better cosmetic results and increased patient satisfaction

Itraconazole loaded ethosomal gel system for efficient treatment of skin cancer

Topical application of Itraconazole for the treatment of Basal cell carcinoma represents a new hope in dermatology. Itraconazole for treatment of Basal cell carcinoma is an alternative therapeutic approach for the efficacious treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Itraconazole loaded ethosomes were prepared and characterized by vesicular shape, vesicular size, entrapment efficiency. Ethosomal gel were prepared and characterized by pH, viscosity, washability, spreadibility, drug content, drug release study, stability study, in vivo skin tolerability and antiproliferative activity. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) characterise ethosomes as spherical, unilamellar structures having low polydispersity (0.384 ± 0.037) and nanometric size range (169.0 ± 49.0), % Entrapment efficiency of Itraconazole in ethosomal carrier was found to be 82.00 ± 1.78. Ethosomal gel were prepared by using Carbopol. The viscosity was found to be in the range of 1600±1.72 to 1740±1.73 cps. The spreadability was found to be in the range of 6.4g.cm/sec. The drug content of the ethosomal gel formulations ranged from 0.384-0.386 mg/gm. The value of steady-state transdermal flux was observed to be 54.2 ± 1.46 µg/h/cm with a lag time of 1.2 hrs with formulation EG1. Stability studies revealed no noticeable changes in drug release profile occurred. Skin irritation study on rabbit skin suggested that ethosomal gel may offer a suitable approach for transdermal delivery of Itraconazole. The further, antiproliferative study shows that Itraconazole loaded ethosomes is significantly more toxic than the free drug on BCC1/KMC cell line, thus making it a potential alternative to the standard therapy

QUANTUM PHENOMENA IN ZERO DIMENSIONS: QUANTUM DOTS

Quantum phenomena in zero dimensions: quantum dots because of many interesting and important applications currently in use by this nanotechnology. The use fulness and application of quantum dots technologically continues to expand and research is striving to bring their benefits to more and more technologically applied fields. SMALLER...smaller...smaller-In the semiconductor industry, this mantra translates to faster...... faster.....faster. The question is, how small can we go? At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the answer may be: as small as quantum dots. Quantum dot has some attractive advantages: long-term photostability, higher fluorescent outcome, narrower fluorescence emission, sensitivity to the electric and magnetic f

STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBALLOONS FOR INTESTINAL DELIVERY OF ACID LABILE DRUG UTILIZING ACRYLIC POLYMER

Objective: The present work was to formulate buoyant system in order to protect the drug from gastric acid degradation, increasing the gastric residence time, control the drug leaching by use of enteric polymers, prolong the half life for longer duration of action, furthermore to prevent dosage form adherence to the mucous wall in order to avoid incomplete drug release. Moreover the side effects of effervescent dosage form could be well controlled.Methods: Employed was emulsion solvent diffusion, using 23factorial design with Eudragit®L100 and RS100 in solvent mixture dichloromethane and ethanol whereas the optimization and validation were carried out through Design-Expert 9.0.3 software.Result: Optimized formulation (LRS-O) showed buoyancy (B %) of 78.88±0.23 %, entrapment efficiency (EE %) of 71.12±0.04 % and drug release over 12 h (CDR12 h %) of 99.50±0.08 % in PB pH 6.8. Whereas in PB pH 7.4 the actual values for B %, EE % and CDR12 h % was 87.35±0.68 %, 89.30±0.05 % and 98.68±0.37 %. Smaller error values for both showed that actual responses were within the predicted range. Particles were in the size range 80-100 µm with spherical, rough, porous and internal hollow cavity. Drug-polymer interactions were negligible and showed zero order patterns over 12 hrs.Conclusion: Enhanced bioavailability of the drug was achieved with excellent responses of B %, EE % and CDR12 h % and the software used for the optimization and validation of formulation design, was economical and reduces the number of trials.Â

A discussion on some recent coupled fixed point results via new generalized nonlinear contractive conditions

Recently, Samet et al. [34], by using the equivalence of the three basic metrics showed that certain coupled fixed point results can be obtained immediately from the well-known fixed point theorems. In the setting of partially ordered metric spaces, we establish a generalization of the recent coupled fixed/ coincidence point results under new nonlinear contractive conditions. The significant feature of the presented work is that, our obtained results are not the immediate consequence of the already existing results in the literature. Presented work generalizes some of the results of Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [6], Berinde [7], Choudhury et al. [10], Harjani et al. [17], Jain et al. [21] , Karapinar et al. [22], Luong and Thuan [25], and Rasouli and Bahrampour [30].Publisher's Versio

Comparative degradation analysis of accelerated-aged and field-aged crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules under Indian subtropical climatic conditions

publishedVersio