Role of Drug Repurposing in Cancer Treatment and Liposomal Approach of Drug Targeting

Cancer is the leading cause of death, and incidences are increasing significantly and patients suffering from it desperately need a complete cure from it. The science of using an already-invented drug that has been approved by the FDA for a new application is known as “drug repurposing.” Currently, scientists are drawn to drug repositioning science in order to investigate existing drugs for newer therapeutic uses and cancer treatment. Because of their unique ability to target cancer cells, recently repurposed drugs and the liposomal approach are effective in the treatment of cancer. Liposomes are nanovesicles that are drastically flexible, rapidly penetrate deeper layers of cells, and enhance intracellular uptake. More importantly, liposomes are biocompatible, biodegradable; entrap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. This chapter summarizes various approaches to drug repurposing, as well as drug repurposing methods, advantages and limitations of drug repurposing, and a liposomal approach to using repurposed drugs in cancer targeting. This chapter also summarizes liposomal structure, drug loading, and the mechanism of liposomes in targeted cancer treatment. The lipid-based liposomal approach is emerging as a powerful technique for improving drug solubility, bioavailability, reducing side effects, and improving the therapeutic efficacy of repurposed drugs for cancer treatment

Recent developments in the organic synthesis using nano-NiFe2O4 as reusable catalyst: A comprehensive synthetic & catalytic reusability protocol

Due to the alarming environmental hazards of the production of fine chemicals, medicines, and various kinds of compounds and minerals, the development of environmentally-friendly catalytic techniques has recently become of special interest. Accordingly, intensive research work was carried out in pursuit of abundant and sustainable catalysts that are eco- friendly. In particular, the employment of nano-nickel ferrite as a catalyst mitigates the waste impact of the and provides affordable synthetic approaches. This review paper addresses the recent advancements in synthetic organic processes that use nano-nickel ferrites as eco-friendly catalysts. In this review, we go over a number of frequently performed chemical reactions with nano-nickel ferrite acting as a catalyst. These include C-C and C-X (X = N, O, S) cross-coupling, cycloaddition, C-H annulation/functionalization, hydrogenation, aldehyde/ketone alkylation, oxidation, functional group removal and synthesis of heterocycles etc. The review paper also highlights the mechanistic course of reactions, recyclability protocols, synthetic processes, and their applications in organic synthesis

Amadurecimento de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' tratadas com Ca em pré-colheita Ripening of 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes treated with Ca in pre-harvest

Sete aplicações de cloreto de cálcio (0,6 ou 1,2%) foram realizadas em pré-colheita de mangas `Tommy Atkins' para verificar seus efeitos sobre o teor de cálcio na polpa dos frutos e a evolução do amadurecimento. As avaliações foram realizadas na colheita e durante doze dias de armazenamento a 25oC e 60-70% UR. Os tratamentos não elevaram o teor de cálcio na polpa e não influenciaram a perda de peso, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez total titulável e a firmeza de polpa dos frutos.<br>Seven applications of calcium chloride (0.6 or 1.2%) were made before harvest of `Tommy Atkins' mangoes to verify the effect on calcium content in fruit pulp and the evolution of ripening. The evaluations were made at harvest and for twelve days of storage at 25oC and 60-70% RH. There was no increase of calcium content in fruit pulp. The weight loss, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and pulp firmness were not affected by treatments

Efeito da aplicação pré-colheita de cálcio na qualidade e no teor de nutrientes de manga 'Tommy Atkins' Quality and nutrient level of mango cv. 'Tommy Atkins' as affected by calcium application before harves

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação pré-colheita de cálcio na qualidade e no teor de nutrientes de frutos de manga Tommy Atkins, foi realizado um experimento em um pomar comercial com dez anos de idade, localizado no município de Petrolina-PE. Foram avaliados sete tratamentos, sendo duas fontes comerciais de cálcio e três dosagens de cada fonte (5,8; 11,6 e 17,4 mmol L-1 de Ca na forma de Ca-quelatizado e 45,0; 90,0 e 135,0 mmol L-1 de Ca na forma de CaCl2.2H2O), além de um tratamento-controle. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As aplicações dos tratamentos foram realizadas quinzenalmente, iniciadas quando os frutos apresentavam tamanho chumbinho (5 a 10 mm) e estenderam-se até duas semanas antes da colheita. Foram realizadas seis pulverizações de uma calda contendo os tratamentos, sendo que, em cada aplicação, foram fornecidos 12,5 L/planta de calda. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio de maturação 2. Quarenta frutos, agrupados em lotes de dez, foram acondicionados em caixas de papelão com capacidade para 6 kg e submetidos ao armazenamento por 0; 20; 30 e 40 dias sob refrigeração (10.5&plusmn;1.0&deg;C e 90&plusmn;5% de UR). Depois de retirados da câmara fria, os frutos foram mantidos por cinco dias em sala de amadurecimento a 21&plusmn;1&deg;C e 60&plusmn;5% de UR. Foram determinados os teores de N, K, Ca e Mg na casca e na polpa dos frutos no lote equivalente ao tempo inicial de armazenamento e avaliada a incidência de colapso interno em todos os lotes. A aplicação de cálcio tanto na forma quelatizada quanto de sal solúvel aumentou as concentrações do nutriente na casca dos frutos. Aplicações de Ca-quelatizado mostraram-se eficientes em aumentar as concentrações de cálcio na polpa dos frutos, podendo contribuir para prevenir a ocorrência de colapso interno em curto período de armazenamento.<br>The effect of calcium on quality and nutrient level of mango cv. "Tommy Atkins" was studied when applied prior to harvest on a ten-year old orchard, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Three levels of two commercial calcium sources (5.8; 11.6 and 17.3 mmol L-1 of Ca as chelate Ca and 45.0; 90.0 and 135.0 mmol L-1 of Ca as the soluble salt CaCl2.2H2O), and a control treatment were evaluated, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Calcium was applied every two weeks, starting at the fruit set stage (fruits 5 to 10 mm long) up to two weeks before harvest. Six sprayings of solutions containing the calcium treatments were applied providing 12.5 L of the solution/plant in each application. The fruits were harvested in the ripening stage 2. Forty fruits were grouped in four lots of ten, placed into cardboard boxes with capacity for 6 kg and stored for 0, 20, 30 and 40 days under refrigeration (10.5&plusmn;1.0&deg;C and 90&plusmn;5% RH). After removed from the cold chamber, the fruits were kept for five days in a ripening room at 21&plusmn;1&deg;C and 60&plusmn;5% RH. N, K, Ca and Mg contents in the flesh and skin were determined in the lot equivalent to the shortest time of storage and the incidence of internal breakdown was evaluated in all four lots. Calcium application in both chelate and soluble salt forms increased the nutrient contents in the skin. Applications of chelate Ca showed to be efficient in increasing the calcium contents in the fruit flesh, contributing to prevent the occurrence of internal breakdown in short storage periods