163 research outputs found
Ridge segmentation, tectonic evolution and rheology of slow-spreading oceanic crust
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August, 1996Two-thirds of the Earth's surface is oceanic crust formed by magmatic and tectonic
processes along mid-ocean ridges. Slow-spreading ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
are discontinuous and composed of ridge segments. Segments are thus fundamental units
of magmatic accretion and tectonic deformation that control the evolution of the crust. The
objective of this Thesis is to constrain the tectonic processes that occur at the scale of slowspreading
segments, to identify the factors controlling segment propagation, and to provide
constraints on lithospheric strength with laboratory deformation experiments.
In chapter 2, bathymetry and gravity from various areas along the global mid-ocean
ridge system are analyzed to quantify systematic variations at the scale of individual
segments. There is a marked asymmetry in bathymetry and gravity in the vicinity of
segment offsets. We develop a model of faulting to explain these observations. Low-angle
faults appear to accommodate tectonic extension at the inside corners of ridge-offset
intersections, and result in substantially uplifted terrain with thin crust with respect to that at
the outside corners or centers of segments.
Results from Chapter 3 indicate that the crust magmatically emplaced on axis is not
maintained off-axis. This transition is revealed by both statistical and spectral analyses of
bathymetry and gravity. Tectonic extension varies along the length of a segment, resulting
in thinning and uplift of the crust at ridge-offset inside corners, and a decorrelation between
bathymetry and gravity patterns. Tectonic deformation substantially reshapes the oceanic
crust that is magmatically emplaced on-axis, and strongly controls the crustal structure and
seafloor morphology off-axis.
Satellite gravity data over the Atlantic shown in Chapter 4 reveal a complex history of
ridge segmentation, and provides constraints on the processes driving the propagation of
segments. The pattern of segmentation is controlled mainly by the geometry of the ridge
axis, and secondarily by hot spots. Segments migrate primarily down regional gradients
associated with hot spot swells. However, the lack of correlation between gradients and
propagation rate, and the propagation up gradient of some offsets, suggest that additional factors control propagation (e.g., variations in lithospheric strength). Most non-transform
offsets are short-lived and migrating, while transform offsets are long-lived and stable.
Both the propagation of segments (Chapter 4) tectonism along a segment (Chapters 2
and 3) are controlled by the lithospheric rheology. In Chapter 5 I present results from
laboratory deformation experiments on serpentinite. These experiments demonstrate that
serpentinites are considerably weaker than peridotites or gabbros, display a non-dilatant
style of brittle deformation, and strain is accommodated by shear cracking. Serpentinites
may weaken the lithosphere, enhance strain localization along faults, and control the style
of faulting.A fellowship from Caixa de Pensions "La Caixa" in Barcelona provided me with all the
required financial support to come to WHOI. The work presented in this thesis was also
supported by the National Science Foundation grants OCE-90l2576, OCE-930078, OCE-9313812, and Office of Naval Research grant N00014-9l-J-1433
Los programas de mediación entre iguales: una herramienta eficaz para la convivencia escolar
A pesar de las ventajas de los sistemas de mediación entre iguales, todavía son escasos los estudios que incorporan una evaluación científica del impacto de estos programas. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio era el de analizar el impacto de los programas de mediación entre iguales en Educación Secundaria, a través de los roles que adoptaban los menores ante los conflictos, así como de sus actitudes províctima. Para lograr este objetivo, se compararon dos centros públicos de Educación Secundaria, de similares características, uno de ellos con programa de mediación entre iguales, y el otro, sin programa de mediación. En ambos centros, se administró la Escala de roles “Adivina quién” (Salmivalli et al., 1996; adaptada por Sutton y Smith, 1999), a 323 alumnos de 12-15 años, tanto en tiempo 1 (situación inicial), como en tiempo 2 (tras la aplicación del programa). Los resultados muestran, en el centro sin programa de mediación escolar, fundamentalmente un incremento de las actitudes províctima, lo cual apunta hacia una mejora explícita en el centro con mediación.Although the advantages of peer mediation systems are outstanding, few studies have included a longitudinal design and a scientific measure of the impact of these programs. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyse the impact of peer mediation programs in high school education, throughout the roles adopted in the conflict, and the attitudes pro-victim. In order to attain this goal, two public high schools, with similar characteristics, were compared: one developing a peer mediation program, and one not developing it. The Role Scale Nominations from Salmivalli et al. (1996), was administered to 323 students from 12-15 years old, in time 1 (baseline), and time 2 (after program development). Results showed mainly the increase of the attitudes pro-victim in the school with mediation program, indicating a clear improvement due to this type of programs.Ministerio de Educación EDU2010-21791Fundació Caixa P1.1B2010-16Castelló Bancaixa P1.1B2010-1
Bursitis del psoas-ilíaco
La bolsa serosa del psoas-ilíaco es una estructura anatómica bien definida, habitualmente
presente en el adulto. La comunicación entre dicha bolsa y la articulación de la cadera
se asocia frecuentemente a la coxartria. Presentamos un caso de agrandamiento de la
bolsa serosa del psoas ilíaco en una paciente de 69 años. El diagnóstico de sospecha se estableció
por la presencia de una masa inguinal y dolor de cadera. La ecografía y la T.A.C. confirmaron
el diagnóstico. Tras la punción de la bolsa y la instilación de corticoides hemos obtenido la
remisión de los síntomas.The iliopsoas bursa is a well-defined anatomic structure rarely absent in adults.
Communication existing between the iliopsoas bursa and the hip joint is frequently associated
with preexisting hip arthrosis. We present a case of iliopsoas bursa enlargement in a 69-yearold
woman. The diagnosis was suspected by the presence of inguinal mass and hip pain. Echography,
and later computed tomography confirmed it. The patient was successfully treated with
aspiration of cyst content and steroid instillation
The compositional and evolutionary logic of metabolism
Metabolism displays striking and robust regularities in the forms of
modularity and hierarchy, whose composition may be compactly described. This
renders metabolic architecture comprehensible as a system, and suggests the
order in which layers of that system emerged. Metabolism also serves as the
foundation in other hierarchies, at least up to cellular integration including
bioenergetics and molecular replication, and trophic ecology. The
recapitulation of patterns first seen in metabolism, in these higher levels,
suggests metabolism as a source of causation or constraint on many forms of
organization in the biosphere.
We identify as modules widely reused subsets of chemicals, reactions, or
functions, each with a conserved internal structure. At the small molecule
substrate level, module boundaries are generally associated with the most
complex reaction mechanisms and the most conserved enzymes. Cofactors form a
structurally and functionally distinctive control layer over the small-molecule
substrate. Complex cofactors are often used at module boundaries of the
substrate level, while simpler ones participate in widely used reactions.
Cofactor functions thus act as "keys" that incorporate classes of organic
reactions within biochemistry.
The same modules that organize the compositional diversity of metabolism are
argued to have governed long-term evolution. Early evolution of core
metabolism, especially carbon-fixation, appears to have required few
innovations among a small number of conserved modules, to produce adaptations
to simple biogeochemical changes of environment. We demonstrate these features
of metabolism at several levels of hierarchy, beginning with the small-molecule
substrate and network architecture, continuing with cofactors and key conserved
reactions, and culminating in the aggregation of multiple diverse physical and
biochemical processes in cells.Comment: 56 pages, 28 figure
Phenotypic Variation and Bistable Switching in Bacteria
Microbial research generally focuses on clonal populations. However, bacterial cells with identical genotypes frequently display different phenotypes under identical conditions. This microbial cell individuality is receiving increasing attention in the literature because of its impact on cellular differentiation, survival under selective conditions, and the interaction of pathogens with their hosts. It is becoming clear that stochasticity in gene expression in conjunction with the architecture of the gene network that underlies the cellular processes can generate phenotypic variation. An important regulatory mechanism is the so-called positive feedback, in which a system reinforces its own response, for instance by stimulating the production of an activator. Bistability is an interesting and relevant phenomenon, in which two distinct subpopulations of cells showing discrete levels of gene expression coexist in a single culture. In this chapter, we address techniques and approaches used to establish phenotypic variation, and relate three well-characterized examples of bistability to the molecular mechanisms that govern these processes, with a focus on positive feedback.
Inhibition of Competence Development, Horizontal Gene Transfer and Virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae by a Modified Competence Stimulating Peptide
Competence stimulating peptide (CSP) is a 17-amino acid peptide pheromone secreted by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Upon binding of CSP to its membrane-associated receptor kinase ComD, a cascade of signaling events is initiated, leading to activation of the competence regulon by the response regulator ComE. Genes encoding proteins that are involved in DNA uptake and transformation, as well as virulence, are upregulated. Previous studies have shown that disruption of key components in the competence regulon inhibits DNA transformation and attenuates virulence. Thus, synthetic analogues that competitively inhibit CSPs may serve as attractive drugs to control pneumococcal infection and to reduce horizontal gene transfer during infection. We performed amino acid substitutions on conserved amino acid residues of CSP1 in an effort to disable DNA transformation and to attenuate the virulence of S. pneumoniae. One of the mutated peptides, CSP1-E1A, inhibited development of competence in DNA transformation by outcompeting CSP1 in time and concentration-dependent manners. CSP1-E1A reduced the expression of pneumococcal virulence factors choline binding protein D (CbpD) and autolysin A (LytA) in vitro, and significantly reduced mouse mortality after lung infection. Furthermore, CSP1-E1A attenuated the acquisition of an antibiotic resistance gene and a capsule gene in vivo. Finally, we demonstrated that the strategy of using a peptide inhibitor is applicable to other CSP subtype, including CSP2. CSP1-E1A and CSP2-E1A were able to cross inhibit the induction of competence and DNA transformation in pneumococcal strains with incompatible ComD subtypes. These results demonstrate the applicability of generating competitive analogues of CSPs as drugs to control horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, and to attenuate virulence during infection by S. pneumoniae
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