73 research outputs found

    Structural insights into chaperone addiction of toxin-antitoxin systems

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    International audienceSecB chaperones assist protein export by binding both unfolded proteins and the SecA motor. Certain SecB homologs can also control toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems known to modulate bacterial growth in response to stress. In such TA-chaperone (TAC) systems, SecB assists the folding and prevents degradation of the antitoxin, thus facilitating toxin inhibition. Chaperone dependency is conferred by a C-terminal extension in the antitoxin known as chaperone addiction (ChAD) sequence, which makes the antitoxin aggregation-prone and prevents toxin inhibition. Using TAC of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we present the structure of a SecB-like chaperone bound to its ChAD peptide. We find differences in the binding interfaces when compared to SecB–SecA or SecB-preprotein complexes, and show that the antitoxin can reach a functional form while bound to the chaperone. This work reveals how chaperones can use discrete surface binding regions to accommodate different clients or partners and thereby expand their substrate repertoire and functions

    Reduced skeletal muscle protein turnover and thyroid hormone metabolism in adaptive thermogenesis that facilitates body fat recovery during weight regain

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    Objective: The recovery of body composition after weight loss is characterized by an accelerated rate of fat recovery (preferential catch-up fat) resulting partly from an adaptive suppression of thermogenesis. Although the skeletal muscle has been implicated as an effector site for such thrifty (energy conservation) metabolism driving catch-up fat, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We test here the hypothesis that this thrifty metabolism driving catch-up fat could reside in a reduced rate of protein turnover (an energetically costly “futile” cycle) and in altered local thyroid hormone metabolism in skeletal muscle.Methods: Using a validated rat model of semistarvation-refeeding in which catch-up fat is driven solely by suppressed thermogenesis, we measured after 1 week of refeeding in refed and control animals the following: (i) in-vivo rates of protein synthesis in hindlimb skeletal muscles using the flooding dose technique of 13C-labeled valine incorporation in muscle protein, (ii) ex-vivo muscle assay of net formation of thyroid hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3) from precursor hormone thyroxine (T4), and (iii) protein expression of skeletal muscle deiodinases (type 1, 2, and 3).Results: We show that after 1 week of calorie-controlled refeeding, the fractional protein synthesis rate was lower in skeletal muscles of refed animals than in controls (by 30–35%, p < 0.01) despite no between-group differences in the rate of skeletal muscle growth or whole-body protein deposition—thereby underscoring concomitant reductions in both protein synthesis and protein degradation rates in skeletal muscles of refed animals compared to controls. These differences in skeletal muscle protein turnover during catch-up fat were found to be independent of muscle type and fiber composition, and were associated with a slower net formation of muscle T3 from precursor hormone T4, together with increases in muscle protein expression of deiodinases which convert T4 and T3 to inactive forms.Conclusions: These results suggest that diminished skeletal muscle protein turnover, together with altered local muscle metabolism of thyroid hormones leading to diminished intracellular T3 availability, are features of the thrifty metabolism that drives the rapid restoration of the fat reserves during weight regain after caloric restriction

    A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

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    Les papillomavirus humains dans les cancers des voies aéro-digestives supérieures : optimisation de méthodes de détection et étude de populations à risque

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    The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are involved in almost 100% of cervical cancers. Recently, HPVs have been recognized as the cause of tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, especially of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. In France, the proportion of oropharyngeal HPV-related tumors is unknown, partly because viral testing is not in guidelines. Moreover, assess the proportion of HPV-­positive tumors in tumor banks is difficult because the tumor samples were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE), which complicates detection techniques. We tested a high risk HPV detection method, indicated for liquid based pap smear, on FFPE samples. We compared this technique to the gold-­standard : PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) followed by electrophoresis. Our results indicate that this technique is applicable to FFPE samples and even appears to be more sensitive. The majority of French patients (2/3) with head and neck consult with an advanced stage of disease. This is explained in part by the lack of organized screening of these cancers, contrary to breast, prostate, cervical, or colorectal cancers. But an early treatment is essential to increase the survival rate. We therefore conducted a prospective study on patients with head and neck tumors to test the oral brushing as screening cancer and HPV detection. We found tumor and/or dystrophic cells in 97.8% of patients with biopsy, and in 88.9% of patients by brushing. Compared with biopsy, our results suggested that smear has similar specificity for HPV detection in tumors (94.4%), but lower sensitivity (66.7%). This study has shown an HPV-related tumor in 12.2% of cases. Among them, we detected by brushing (in healthy area) an oral infection by high-risk HPV in 53.3% of cases. WHO has classified HPV as carcinogenic agents since 1995, and determined that patients who developed cervical cancer are six-times more likely to develop another HPV-related tumor. In this context, we have planned a multicenter prospective study to detect oral HPV infection in patients with a pre-neoplastic or neoplastic lesion of the cervix. Co-infection rate of the two anatomical sites is unknown in women infected with genital level. Insofar oral infection could be the cause of a second tumor location, it seems important to know how much women are co-infected to propose thereafter a special monitoring. The preventive vaccination, which exists against HPV 16 and 18 in the prevention of cervical cancer, is a future perspective. Because HPV 16 is found in 90% of HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, extending vaccine recommendations emerge as a new public health issue.Les Papillomavirus Humains (HPV) sont responsables de prĂšs de 100% des cancers du col utĂ©rin. RĂ©cemment, ces HPV sont apparus comme Ă©tant aussi la cause de certaines tumeurs des voies aĂ©ro-digestives supĂ©rieures, et particuliĂšrement des carcinomes Ă©pidermoĂŻdes de l’oropharynx. En France, la proportion des tumeurs oropharyngĂ©es HPV-induites est mal connue, notamment parce que le dĂ©pistage viral n’est pas recommandé. De plus, il est difficile d’évaluer la proportion de tumeurs HPV positives dans les tumorothĂšques car les Ă©chantillons tumoraux sont fixĂ©s dans du formol puis incluses en paraffine (FFIP), ce qui complexifie les techniques de dĂ©tection. Nous avons, au cours de nos travaux, testé une mĂ©thode de dĂ©tection des HPV à haut risque oncogĂšne indiquĂ©e pour le traitement des frottis en phase liquide. Nous l’avons mise à l’épreuve sur des prĂ©lĂšvements FFIP et comparĂ©e à la technique de rĂ©fĂ©rence qu’est la PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) suivie d’une Ă©lectrophorĂšse sur gel. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que cette technique est applicable aux prĂ©lĂšvements tissulaires et apparaĂźt mĂȘme comme Ă©tant plus sensible. En France, deux tiers des patients atteints de tumeurs des VADS sont pris en charge à des stades tardifs. Ceci s’explique en partie par l’absence de dĂ©pistage organisé de ces cancers. Nous avons donc menĂ©Ì une Ă©tude prospective sur des patients atteints d’une tumeur des VADS afin de tester le frottis oral comme technique de dĂ©pistage des cancers mais Ă©galement des infections par les HPV. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que le frottis a une spĂ©cificitĂ©Ì proche de celle de la biopsie (94,4%) pour le dĂ©pistage des cancers des VADS, mais une moindre sensibilitĂ© (66,7%). Cette Ă©tude nous a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une tumeur HPV-induite dans 12,2% des cas. Parmi eux, nous avons dĂ©tectĂ©Ì grĂące à un frottis buccal (en zone saine) une infection par un HPV à haut risque oncogĂšne dans 53,3% des cas. L’OMS a classé les HPV comme agents carcinogĂšnes depuis 1995, et a Ă©tabli que les patientes ayant dĂ©veloppĂ©Ì un cancer du col utĂ©rin avaient un risque 6 fois plus Ă©levĂ©Ì de dĂ©velopper une autre tumeur HPV-induite. Dans ce contexte, nous avons prĂ©vu une Ă©tude prospective multicentrique visant à dĂ©pister une infection orale par un HPV oncogĂšne chez des patientes porteuses d’une lĂ©sion prĂ©-nĂ©oplasique ou nĂ©oplasique du col utĂ©rin. Le taux de co-infection des deux sites anatomiques est inconnu chez les femmes infectĂ©es au niveau gĂ©nital. Dans la mesure où l’infection orale pourrait ĂȘtre à l’origine d’une seconde localisation tumorale, il semble important d’en connaĂźtre la proportion afin de proposer par la suite un suivi particulier aux populations « à risque ». Au-delĂ Ì€ des traitements des cancers avĂ©rĂ©s se pose la question de la vaccination prĂ©ventive, qui existe contre les HPV 16 et 18 dans la prĂ©vention des cancers du col utĂ©rin. Le type 16 Ă©tant retrouvé dans 90% des tumeurs Ă©pidermoĂŻdes de l’oropharynx HPV-induites, l’extension des recommandations vaccinales apparaĂźt comme une nouvelle question de santé publique

    Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck cancer : optimization of detection methods and study of risk populations

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    Les Papillomavirus Humains (HPV) sont responsables de prĂšs de 100% des cancers du col utĂ©rin. RĂ©cemment, ces HPV sont apparus comme Ă©tant aussi la cause de certaines tumeurs des voies aĂ©rodigestives supĂ©rieures, et particuliĂšrement des carcinomes Ă©pidermoĂŻdes de l’oropharynx. En France, la proportion des tumeurs oropharyngĂ©es HPV-induites est mal connue, notamment parce que le dĂ©pistage viral n’est pas recommandĂ©. De plus, il est difficile d’évaluer la proportion de tumeurs HPV positives dans les tumorothĂšques car les Ă©chantillons tumoraux sont fixĂ©s dans du formol puis inclus en paraffine (FFIP), ce qui complexifie les techniques de dĂ©tection. Nous avons, au cours de nos travaux, testĂ© une mĂ©thode de dĂ©tection des HPV Ă  haut risque oncogĂšne indiquĂ©e pour le traitement des frottis en phase liquide. Nous l’avons mise Ă  l’épreuve sur des prĂ©lĂšvements FFIP et comparĂ©e Ă  la technique de rĂ©fĂ©rence qu’est la PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) suivie d’une Ă©lectrophorĂšse sur gel. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que cette technique est applicable aux prĂ©lĂšvements tissulaires et apparaĂźt mĂȘme comme Ă©tant plus sensible. En France, deux tiers des patients atteints de tumeurs des VADS sont pris en charge Ă  des stades tardifs. Ceci s’explique en partie par l’absence de dĂ©pistage organisĂ© de ces cancers. Nous avons donc menĂ© une Ă©tude prospective sur des patients atteints d’une tumeur des VADS afin de tester le frottis oral comme technique de dĂ©pistage des cancers mais Ă©galement des infections par les HPV. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que le frottis a une spĂ©cificitĂ© proche de celle de la biopsie (94,4%) pour le dĂ©pistage des cancers des VADS, mais une moindre sensibilitĂ© (66,7%). Cette Ă©tude nous a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une tumeur HPV-induite dans 12,2% des cas. Parmi eux, nous avons dĂ©tectĂ© grĂące Ă  un frottis buccal (en zone saine) une infection par un HPV Ă  haut risque oncogĂšne dans 53,3% des cas. L’OMS a classĂ© les HPV comme agents carcinogĂšnes depuis 1995, et a Ă©tabli que les patientes ayant dĂ©veloppĂ© un cancer du col utĂ©rin avaient un risque 6 fois plus Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©velopper une autre tumeur HPV-induite. Dans ce contexte, nous avons prĂ©vu une Ă©tude prospective multi-centrique visant Ă  dĂ©pister une infection orale par un HPV oncogĂšne chez des patientes porteuses d’une lĂ©sion prĂ©-nĂ©oplasique ou nĂ©oplasique du col utĂ©rin. Le taux de co-infection des deux sites anatomiques est inconnu chez les femmes infectĂ©es au niveau gĂ©nital. Dans la mesure oĂč l’infection orale pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’une seconde localisation tumorale, il semble important d’en connaĂźtre la proportion afin de proposer par la suite un suivi particulier aux populations « Ă  risque ». Au-delĂ  des traitements des cancers avĂ©rĂ©s se pose la question de la vaccination prĂ©ventive, qui existe contre les HPV 16 et 18 dans la prĂ©vention des cancers du col utĂ©rin. Le type 16 Ă©tant retrouvĂ© dans 90% des tumeurs Ă©pidermoĂŻdes de l’oropharynx HPV-induites, l’extension des recommandations vaccinales apparaĂźt comme une nouvelle question de santĂ© publiqueThe Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are involved in almost 100% of cervical cancers. Recently, HPVs have been recognized as the cause of tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, especially of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. In France, the proportion of oropharyngeal HPV-related tumors is unknown, partly because viral testing is not in guidelines. Moreover, assess the proportion of HPV-positive tumors in tumor banks is difficult because the tumor samples were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE), which complicates detection techniques. We tested a high risk HPV detection method, indicated for liquid based pap smear, on FFPE samples. We compared this technique to the gold-standard : PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) followed by electrophoresis. Our results indicate that this technique is applicable to FFPE samples and even appears to be more sensitive. The majority of French patients (2/3) with head and neck consult with an advanced stage of disease. This is explained in part by the lack of organized screening of these cancers, contrary to breast, prostate, cervical, or colorectal cancers. But an early treatment is essential to increase the survival rate. We therefore conducted a prospective study on patients with head and neck tumors to test the oral brushing as screening cancer and HPV detection. We found tumor and/or dystrophic cells in 97.8% of patients with biopsy, and in 88.9% of patients by brushing. Compared with biopsy, our results suggested that smear has similar specificity for HPV detection in tumors (94.4%), but lower sensitivity (66.7%). This study has shown an HPV-related tumor in 12.2% of cases. Among them, we detected by brushing (in healthy area) an oral infection by high-risk HPV in 53.3% of cases. WHO has classified HPV as carcinogenic agents since 1995, and determined that patients who developed cervical cancer are six-times more likely to develop another HPV-related tumor. In this context, we have planned a multicenter prospective study to detect oral HPV infection in patients with a pre-neoplastic or neoplastic lesion of the cervix. Co-infection rate of the two anatomical sites is unknown in women infected with genital level. Insofar oral infection could be the cause of a second tumor location, it seems important to know how much women are co-infected to propose thereafter a special monitoring. The preventive vaccination, which exists against HPV 16 and 18 in the prevention of cervical cancer, is a future perspective. Because HPV 16 is found in 90% of HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, extending vaccine recommendations emerge as a new public health issu

    À notre collùgue et ami, Pierre Gangloff

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    Perforation du voile du palais suite à une intubation prolongée

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    Un homme de 69 ans, porteur de prothĂšses adjointes complĂštes, prĂ©sente une perforation au niveau du voile du palais dans un contexte d’intubation oro-trachĂ©ale prolongĂ©e. L’exploration et les examens complĂ©mentaires n’objectivent pas de pathologie tumorale. Cette perforation amĂšne une communication bucco-pharyngĂ©e, entraĂźnant une voix nasonnĂ©e et un reflux nasal de l’alimentation liquide. Un obturateur vĂ©laire en rĂ©sine, solidaire de sa prothĂšse maxillaire, est conçu. La thĂ©rapeutique retenue est non invasive, rapide Ă  mettre en oeuvre, efficace et Ă©volutive. Elle peut ĂȘtre transitoire ou constituer une alternative Ă  la chirurgie lorsque celle-ci s’avĂšre impossible
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