Estudios semisintéticos y biológicos de 20-(S)-Camptotecina en terapia antitumoral y obtención de materiales porosos en condiciones biomiméticas

[EN] This thesis is divided in two parts covering the fields of medicinal chemistry and science materials, respectively. In the first part, the semisynthesis of new derivatives of the antitumor drug 20-(S)-Camptothecin (CPT) and its biological properties, in terms of antitumor activity, stability and oral bioavalability are developed. More specifically, the application of the Tscherniac-Einhorn (T-E) reaction is described as an effective and high performance methodology to obtain a wide variety of novel lipophilic 9-amidomethylCPT and 9-imidomethylCPT derivatives. The results showed that the introduction of bulky aliphatic imide moiety in position 9, with the methoxylation of the C-10, provides an improvement of the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity and two-times more oral permeability comparing with CPTs analogues clinically approved. Beyond the synthesis of new analogues, the T-E reaction is postulated as a useful pathway to activate position 9 with novel functionalities such as formylation and aminomethylation which have been previously reported with low or erratic yields. Within the area of semisynthetic procedures, the hexacyclic derivative, 9, 10-[1,3]-DioxoCPT was isolated quantitatively showing that the presence of cyclic acetal moiety improves the in vitro and in situ oral bioavailability keeping the antitumor activity ratio. In the second part of this thesis, within the interdisciplinary field of biology and science materials, the development of micro and mesoporous materials under biomimetic conditions is explained. The work of this section shows that small bifunctional molecules are available for the hydrolysis and condensation of silicon monomers while incorporating defined organic molecules that work as structure directing agents (SDA) leading mesostructured materials. Similarly to the biological process developed by silicateins, the mixture of ethanolamine and tromethamine simulates the active center of these proteins by a synergic combination of the buffering and the catalytic activity working at neutral pH, atmospheric pressure and in absence of external energy source. Thus, ZSM5 and MCM41 type materials, with high interest in various industrial applications, are obtained by a sol-gel process at neutral pH in opposition to the standar method based on strong acid or alkaline conditions. The possibilities of this methodology to insert active metal centers were tested in terms of catalytic activity in Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction and epoxidation reaction of cyclohexene. The results showed similar conversion rates comparing to materials synthesized under standard conditions.[ES] La presente Tesis Doctoral esta dividida en dos partes que abarcan los campos de la química médica y la ciencia de los materiales respectivamente. En la primera parte se desarrolla la obtención de nuevos derivados del agente antitumoral 20-(S)-Camptotecina (CPT) y el estudio de sus propiedades biológicas en términos de actividad antitumoral, estabilidad y biodisponibilidad oral. Más concretamente se ha descrito la aplicación de la reacción de Tscherniac-Einhorn (T-E) como una metodología efectiva y de alto rendimiento para la obtención de una extensa variedad de derivados 9-amidometílicos y 9-imidometílicos de alto carácter lipofílico. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la introducción de un grupo alifático voluminoso tipo imida, en posición 9, junto con la metoxilación de la posición 10, proporcionaba elevada actividad antitumoral in vitro e in vivo y duplicaba los valores de absorción intestinal dentro de los ensayos de biodisponibilidad oral en comparación con derivados de CPT clínicamente aprobados. Más allá de la síntesis de nuevos análogos, la reacción de T-E se postula como una metodología eficaz para proporcionar nuevas funcionalizaciones en la posición 9, por ejemplo, se obtienen formilaciones o aminometilaciones con altos rendimientos frente a otras rutas sintéticas menos eficientes o erráticas para este tipo de modificaciones. Dentro de los procesos semisintéticos planteados, el derivado hexacíclico 9,10-[1,3]-DioxoCPT es sintetizado de forma cuantitativa, mostrando que la presencia del acetal cíclico mejora sustancialmente la permeabilidad del agente, tanto in vitro como in situ, manteniendo los rangos de actividad antitumoral. En la segunda parte de la presente Tesis Doctoral, dentro del campo interdisciplinar entre la biología y la síntesis de materiales, se ha desarrollado la síntesis de materiales micro- y mesoporosos en condiciones biomiméticas. El trabajo desarrollado en esta sección demuestra que moléculas pequeñas bifuncionales son capaces de hidrolizar y condensar monómeros de silicio, incorporando al mismo tiempo moléculas orgánicas capaces de actuar como agentes directores de estructura (ADS) dando lugar a materiales mesoestructurados. Al igual que el proceso biológico desarrolla la formación de estructuras inorgánicas mediante las proteínas conocidas como silicateinas, la mezcla de etanolamina y trometamina, simulan el mecanismo del centro activo de estas mismas proteínas, mediante una combinación sinérgica, donde la actividad tamponadora y catalítica es efectiva a la hora de incorporar y ordenar ADS en condiciones de pH neutro, presión atmosférica y en ausencia de fuente de energía externa. De esta manera, materiales micro- y mesoporosos tipo ZSM5 o MCM41, de alto interés en diferentes aplicaciones industriales, son obtenidos mediante un procedimiento sol-gel a pH neutro en oposición a las metodologías estándar que requieren condiciones fuertemente ácidas o alcalinas para la hidrólisis de los precursores de silicio. Las posibilidades de dicha metodología para la incorporación de centro activos metálicos fueron ensayadas en términos de actividad catalítica en reacciones tipo Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley y reacciones de epoxidación de ciclohexeno. Los resultados mostraron porcentajes de conversión similares a los obtenidos con materiales sintetizados en condiciones convencionales.[CA] La present Tesi Doctoral està dividida en dues parts que comprenen els camps de la química mèdica i la ciència dels materials, respectivament. En la primera part es desenvolupa l'obtenció de nous derivats de l'agent antitumoral 20-(S)-Camptotecina i l'estudi de les seues propietats biològiques en terms d'activitat antitumoral, estabilitat i biodisponibilitat oral. Més concretament s'ha descrit l'aplicació de la reacció de Tscherniac-Einhorn (T-E) com una metodologia efectiva i d'alt rendiment per a l'obtenció d'una extensa varietat de derivats 9-amidometilats i 9-imidometilats d'alt caràcter lipofilic. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que la introducció d'un grup alifàtic voluminós, tipus imida, en posición 9, junt amb la metoxilació de la posició 10, proporcionava elevada activitat antitumoral in vitro i in vivo i duplicava els valors d'absorció intestinal dins dels assajos de biodisponibilitat oral en comparació amb els derivats de CPT clínicament aprovats. Més enllà de la síntesi de nous anàlegs, la reacció de T-E es postula com una metodologia eficaç per a proporcionar noves funcionalitzacions en la posició 9, per exemple, s'obtenen formilacions o aminometilacions amb alts rendiments enfront d'altres rutes sintètiques menys efectives o erràtiques. Dins dels procesos semisintètics plantejats, el derivat hexaciclic 9,10-[1,3]-DioxoCPT es sintetitzat de forma quantitativa, mostrant que la presència de l'acetal cíclic millora substancialment la permeabilitat del fàrmac, tant in vitro com in situ, mantenint els rangs de activitat antitumoral de la CPT. En la segona part de la present Tesi Doctoral, dins del camp interdiciplinari entre la biología y la ciencia dels materials, s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi de materials micro i mesoporosos en condicions biomimètiques. El treball desenvolupat en aquesta secció demostra que molècules bifuncionals son capaços d'hidrolitzar i condensar monòmers de silici, incorporant al mateix temps molècules orgàniques capaces d'actuar com agents directors d'estructura (ADS) donant lloc a materials mesoestructurats. De la mateixa forma que el procés biològic desenvolupa la formació d'estructures inorgàniques per mitjà de les proteïnes conegudes com silicateines, la mescla d'etanolamine i trometamine, simulen el mecanisme del centre actiu d'aquestes mateixes proteïnes mitjançant una combinació sinèrgica, on l'activitat tamponadora i catalítica és efectiva a l'hora d'incorporar i ordenar ADS en condicions de pH neutre, pressió atmosfèrica i en absència de font d'energia externa. D'aquesta manera, materials micro- i mesoporosos tipus ZSM5 o MCM41, d'alt interés en diferents aplicacions industrials, són obtinguts per mitjà d'un procediment sol-gel a pH neutre en oposició a les metodologies estàndard que requereixen condicions fortament àcides o alcalines per a la hidrólisis dels precursors de silici. Les posibilitats d'aquesta metodología per a la incorporació de centres actius metàl¿lics van ser assajades en termes d'activitat catalítica en reaccions tipus Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley i reaccions d'epoxidació de ciclohexen. Els resultats van mostrar percentatges de conversió semblants als obtingunts amb els materials sintetitzats en condicions convencionals.Rodríguez Berna, G. (2016). Estudios semisintéticos y biológicos de 20-(S)-Camptotecina en terapia antitumoral y obtención de materiales porosos en condiciones biomiméticas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62158TESI

Ionic Hydrogel Based on Chitosan Cross-Linked with 6-Phosphogluconic Trisodium Salt as a Drug Delivery System

[EN] In this work, 6-phosphogluconic trisodium salt (6-PG(-)Na(+)) is introduced as a new aqueous and nontoxic cross-linking agent to obtain ionic hydrogels. Here, it is shown the formation of hydrogels based on chitosan cross-linked with 6-PG(-)Na(+). This formulation is obtained by ionic interaction of cationic groups of polymer with anionic groups of the cross linker. These hydrogels are nontoxic, do not cause dermal irritation, are easy to extend, and have an adequate adhesion force to be applied as polymeric film over the skin. This AWN formulation exhibits a first order release kinetic and can be applied as drug vehicle for topical administration or as wound dressing for wound healing. The primary goal of this communication is to report the identification and utility of 6-phosphogluconic trisodium salt (6-PG(-)Na(+)) as a nontoxic cross-linker applicable for cationic polymers.The authors acknowledge partial financial support to project SAF2016-78756 from MINECO (Spanish Ministry of economy, industry and competitiveness). Maria Teresa Martinez Martinez received a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (FPU13-01105). The product was patented in Spain in 2016 by authors of this paper. Patent application 201631463.Martínez Martínez, M.; Rodríguez Berna, G.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I.; Hernández, MJ.; Corma Canós, A.; Bermejo, M.; Merino Sanjuán, V.... (2018). Ionic Hydrogel Based on Chitosan Cross-Linked with 6-Phosphogluconic Trisodium Salt as a Drug Delivery System. Biomacromolecules. 19(4):1294-1304. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00108S1294130419

A promising camptothecin derivative: Semisynthesis, antitumor activity and intestinal permeability

Oral administration of camptothecin (Cm) derivatives and other antitumoral agents is being actively developed in order to improve the quality of life of patients with cancer. Though several lipophilic derivatives of CPT have shown interesting oral bioavailability in preclinical and clinical studies, only Topotecan has been approved for this route of administration. Semisynthesis, antitumor activity, biological inhibition mechanism, and in situ intestinal permeability of 9, 10-[1,3]-Dioxinocamptothecin (CDiox), an unexplored CPT derivative, have been studied in this paper. The hexacyclic analog was as effective as Topotecan and CPT in different tumor cell lines, showing an expected similar apoptosis cell mechanism and high ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in HeLa, Caco-2, A375 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Furthermore, in vitro and in situ pharmacokinetics transport values obtained for CDiox displayed more favorable absorption profile than CPT and Topotecan. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.G.R.-B. acknowledges Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica for a scholarship; Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (proyecto MULTICAT), Sub-programa de Apoyo a Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, and Agencia de Gestico, d'Ajuts Universiteris i de Recerca (2009 SGR 758, to S.S.) I.G.-A., V.M.-S., M.G.-A. and M. B. acknowledge financial support from the European Financial Commission (Red bioFarma DCI-ALA/19.09.01/10/21526/245-297/ALFA III (2010)). J.L.G.-G. acknowledges the financial support of the CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases) ISCIII.Rodríguez Berna, G.; Mangas Sanjuan, V.; Gonzalez Alvarez, M.; Gonzalez Álvarez, I.; Garcia Gimenez, JL.; Díaz Cabañas, MJ.; Bermejo, M.... (2014). A promising camptothecin derivative: Semisynthesis, antitumor activity and intestinal permeability. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 83:366-373. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.050S3663738

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

Covalently crosslinked organophosphorous derivatives-chitosan hydrogel as a drug delivery system for oral administration of camptothecin

[EN] Hydrogels are widely studied as drug delivery system. In this work we propose the employment of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride as crosslinking agent to obtain covalent hydrogels based on chitosan. These hydrogels are obtained by Mannich reaction between the amino groups of chitosan with the hydroxymethyl groups of the crosslinker molecule. They show a pH sensitive second order swelling kinetic, have low toxicity, are biocompatible, mucoadhesive and allow a modified release of the encapsulated drug, camptothecin, for 48 h. This antitumor drug has been studied as a drug of interest to develop oral chemotherapy administration strategies. According to the obtained results, oral administration of camptothecin through hydrogels would provide low concentrations of drug at the absorption site, avoiding carrier saturation and reducing its intestinal toxicity.Authors acknowledge partial financial support to project SAF2016-78756 from MINECO (Spanish Ministry of economy, industry and competitivity). Mayte Martinez-Martínez received a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (FPU13-01105).Martínez-Martínez, M.; Rodríguez Berna, G.; Bermejo, M.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I.; Gonzalez -Alvarez, M.; Merino, V. (2019). Covalently crosslinked organophosphorous derivatives-chitosan hydrogel as a drug delivery system for oral administration of camptothecin. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 136:174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.00917418313

Semisynthesis, Cytotoxic Activity, and Oral Availability of New Lipophilic 9-Substituted Camptothecim Derivatives

Despite that 9-substituted camptothecins are promising candidates in cancer therapy, the limited accessibility to this position has reduced the studies of these derivatives to a few standard modifications. We report herein a novel semisynthetic route based on the Tscherniac–Einhorn reaction to synthesize new lipophilic camptothecin derivatives with amidomethyl and imidomethyl substitutions in position 9. Compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity, topoisomerase I inhibition, and oral availability. Preliminary data demonstrated that bulky imidomethyl modification is an appropriate lipophilic substitution for an effective oral administration relative to topotecan. In addition, this general procedure paves the way for obtaining new camptothecin derivatives.Rodríguez Berna, G.; Díaz Cabañas, MJ.; Mangas Sanjuan, V.; Gonzalez Alvarez, M.; González Álvarez, I.; Abasolo, I.; Simo Schwartz, J.... (2013). Semisynthesis, Cytotoxic Activity, and Oral Availability of New Lipophilic 9-Substituted Camptothecim Derivatives. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 4(7):651-655. doi:10.1021/ml400125zS6516554