Study of Sheltered Evaporation in Colombia

Equations, tables, and graphs for estimating evaporation from sheltered evaporimeters were developed, based on data from 20 stations in Colombia. Computer programs and plottings were the basic tools to work out the equations. The form of the simplified final equation is Ev = kCVPDCTin which Ev is the evaporation in millimeters per day K is a constant CVPD is the vapor pressure deficit coefficient CT is the temperature coefficient Statistical parameters were determined to compare the measured evaporation with the Christiansen-Guillen formula and the newly developed formulas

Visualization of high dynamic range images

A novel paradigm for information visualization in high dynamic range images is presented in this paper. These images, real or synthetic, have luminance with typical ranges many orders of magnitude higher than that of standard output/viewing devices, thereby requiring some processing for their visualization. In contrast with existent approaches, which compute a single image with reduced range, close in a given sense to the original data, we propose to look for a representative set of images. The goal is then to produce a minimal set of images capturing the information all over the high dynamic range data, while at the same time preserving a natural appearance for each one of the images in the set. A specific algorithm that achieves this goal is presented and tested on natural and synthetic data

Quiz Games as a model for Information Hiding

We present a general computation model inspired in the notion of information hiding in software engineering. This model has the form of a game which we call quiz game. It allows in a uniform way to prove exponential lower bounds for several complexity problems of elimination theory.Comment: 46 pages, to appear in Journal of Complexit

The role of the European small ruminant dairy sector in stabilising global temperatures : lessons from GWP* warming-equivalent emission metrics

Recent calls advocate that a huge reduction in the consumption of animal products (including dairy) is essential to mitigate climate change and stabilise global warming below the 1.5 and 2°C targets. The Paris Agreement states that to stabilise temperatures we must reach a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the second half of this century. Consequently, many countries have adopted overall GHG reduction targets (e.g. EU, at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990). However, using conventional metric-equivalent emissions (CO2-e GWP100) as the basis to account for emissions does not result in capturing the effect on atmospheric warming of changing emission rates from short-lived GHG (e.g. methane: CH4), which are the main source of GHG emissions by small ruminants. This shortcoming could be solved by using warming-equivalent emissions (CO2-we, GWP*), which can accurately link annual GHG emission rates to its warming effect in the atmosphere. In our study, using this GWP* methodology and different modelling approaches, we first examined the historical (1990–2018) contribution of European dairy small ruminant systems to additional atmosphere warming levels and then studied different emission target scenarios for 2100. These scenarios allow us to envision the necessary reduction of GHG emissions from Europe's dairy small ruminants to achieve a stable impact on global temperatures, i.e. to be climatically neutral. Our analysis showed that, using this type of approach, the whole European sheep and goat dairy sector seems not to have contributed to additional warming in the period 1990–2018. Considering each subsector separately, increases in dairy goat production has led to some level of additional warming into the atmosphere, but these have been compensated by larger emission reductions in the dairy sheep sector. The estimations of warming for future scenarios suggest that to achieve climate neutrality, understood as not adding additional warming to the atmosphere, modest GHG reductions of sheep and goat GHG would be required (e.g. via feed additives). This reduction would be even lower if potential soil organic carbon (SOC) from associated pastures is considered.Peer reviewe

Comparable GHG emissions from animals in wildlife and livestock-dominated savannas

Pastoralism in Old World savannas is known to emit a significant share of global livestock-sourced greenhouse gases (GHG). Here, we compare calculated emissions from animals in a wildlife-dominated savanna (14.3 Mg km(-2)), to those in an adjacent land with similar ecological characteristics but under pastoralism (12.8 Mg km(-2)). The similar estimates for both, wildlife and pastoralism (76.2 vs 76.5 Mg CO2-eq km(-2)), point out an intrinsic association of emissions with herbivore ecological niches. Considering natural baseline or natural background emissions in grazing systems has important implications in the analysis of global food systems.Peer reviewe

Under what conditions is the bioethanol and biodiesel produced entirely in the Basque Country sustainable?

4 p.*The process of agricultural production, and especially anything related to the management of fertilisation, largely determines the uncertainty in the estimation of the different environmental impact of biofuel production. *The most widely used methodologies for estimating the impact on biofuel production are not sufficiently precise for the production agricultural stage of the same. *The handling of nitrogen fertilisers and the effect of climatology during the cultivation stage greatly affects nitrous oxide emissions and are the major determinants of the carbon footprint during biofuel production. *Organic fertilisation promotes the reduction of the carbon footprint during the production of biofuels such as wheat-derived ethanol and rapeseed-derived diesel. They in turn increase other effects such as water contamination or the acidification of ecosystems. *There is very little likelihood of meeting the requirement of legislation on biofuel sustainability, which recommends a reduction of at least 35 % in greenhouse gases compared to its equivalent fossil fuel, in the case of the production of ethanol and diesel through the use of crops such as wheat and rapeseed for the current limited fertilisation conditions in those areas vulnerable to nitrate contamination and especially in the case of mineral fertilisers . *While organic fertilisation is more likely to meet the standards of sustainability, the direct impact on the use of the land is even greater than in the case of minerally fertilised crops

Producción y reproducción social del Estado desde las márgenes urbanas de Bogotá

En Bogotá recae la valoración de lo real, concreto y simbólico de ser el distrito capital de Colombia, con todo lo que ello implica en términos de representaciones y del accionar político de cada sector de la sociedad en su conjunto. Ante este escenario, la relación Estado-sociedad es problematizada para comprender cómo se reconoce, construye y reproduce el Estado por parte de los sectores populares en las márgenes de los barrios periféricos del noroccidente de la ciudad, colindantes con el río Bogotá. Por medio de etnografías y un análisis hermenéutico (Shore, 2010: 24), en ellos se evalúa su lugar dentro del campo político y social en relación a los actores estatales: su agencia en función de las posibilidades, lecturas y vivencias acerca del estado. Adicionalmente, retomando insumos marxistas y de análisis social, se evalúa la dominación clasista y la agencia de los de abajo en sus repertorios sociales y políticos para establecerse como interlocutor con el Estad

The Traveler. Videojuego de plataformas empleando Unity3D y una API de IA en C#

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en la realización de un videojuego de plataformas y exploración 2D con el motor de desarrollo Unity, con un énfasis en la gestión y creación de inteligencias artificiales con máquinas de estados. Se pretende crear un juego para plataformas de escritorio pulido, complejo y variado. Busca también aportar una visión general de la creación de un videojuego y de las distintas etapas de su desarrollo. Se usará la API de gestión y creación de máquinas de estados finitos de José Alapont Luján en distintos elementos del juego. Se pondrá a prueba la herramienta y se comparará con otras alternativas.[EN] The goal of this project is to create a 2D platforming and exploration game using the Unity engine. There is an emphasis in the creation and management of artificial intelligences using finite state machines. The objective is a polished, complex and varied game for desktop platforms. It is meant to provide an overview of the creation of a videogame and all the stages of its development. It will make use of José Alapont Luján’s API for creating and managing finite state machines for different elements of the game. It will be put to the test and compared against other alternatives.Monfort Pardo, G. (2016). The Traveler. Videojuego de plataformas empleando Unity3D y una API de IA en C#. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/60943.Archivo delegad

Empleo de las Componentes Principales en sus investigaciones biológicas. II.- Obtención de variables canónicas.

435 variables were analyzed in 4876 experimental units, from 23 experiments in the biological sciences, conducted in the period 1990-2004, which were significant to the Kaiser-Mayer –Olkin and Bartlet tests, with a view to assessing, when the Main Components technique, the methodology to be used in obtaining the canonical variables. The results obtained in the number of canonical variables per experiment, independent variables and cumulative variability (%) were 2.8 ± 0.08; 1.5 ± 0.51 and 61.1 ± 0.05 respectively. The behavior of the variables responses and the necessary Dollars to be carried out when I.- The Methodology is applied and II.- It does not apply, they left I = 19.0 and II = 4.3 ± 1.22 (p <0, 05) Variables Response and I = 66.8 and II = 14, 6 ± 4.89 (p <0.05) Dollars made. It is concluded that there is a significant decrease in the statistical tests with the canonical variables obtained (p <0.05), obtaining that in 17% of the experiments analyzed the transformed variables were not independent, being necessary to apply the proposed method again, which requires that the sphericity and Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin tests be carried out to guarantee the independence of the variables to be processed in decision making.Se analizaron 435 variables en 4876 unidades experimentales, procedentes de 23 experimentos en las ciencias biológicas, realizados en el período 1990-2004, que fueron significativos a las pruebas de Kaiser-Mayer –Olkin y Bartlet, con vistas a valorar , cuando se emplea la técnica de Componentes Principales, la metodología a utilizar en la obtención de las variables canónicas. Los resultados obtenidos en el número de variables canónicas por experimento, variables independientes y variabilidad acumulada (%) fueron 2,8 ± 0,08 ; 1,5 ± 0,51 y 61,1 ± 0,05 respectivamente. El comportamiento de las variables respuestas y las Dócimas necesarias a realizar cuando I.- Se Aplica la Metodología y II.- No se Aplica se fueron de I = 19,0 y II =4,3 ± 1,22 ( p< 0,05) Variables Respuesta y I=66,8 y II =14, 6 ± 4,89 (p < 0,05) Dócimas realizadas. Se concluye que se produce una disminución significativa en las pruebas estadísticas con las variables canónicas obtenidas ( p < 0,05 ), obteniéndose que en el 17% de los experimentos analizados las variables transformadas no fueron independientes siendo necesario aplicar nuevamente el método propuesto, lo que exige que las pruebas de esfericidad y Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin se efectúen para garantizar la independencia de las variables a procesar en la toma de decisiones