Next Generation Sequencing Analysis of HIV-1 Group O Reverse Transcriptase Residue 181C Prevalence and Evolution over Time, With or Without Antiretroviral Selection Pressure

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Low Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine among Children in Dakar, Senegal

HBV vaccine was introduced into the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Senegal and Cameroon in 2005. We conducted a cross-sectional study in both countries to assess the HBV immune protection among children. All consecutive children under 4 years old, hospitalized for any reason between May 2009 and May 2010, with an immunisation card and a complete HBV vaccination, were tested for anti-HBs and anti-HBc. A total of 242 anti-HBc-negative children (128 in Cameroon and 114 in Senegal) were considered in the analysis. The prevalence of children with anti-HBs ≥10 IU/L was higher in Cameroon with 92% (95% CI: 87%–97%) compared to Senegal with 58% (95% CI: 49%–67%), (p<0.001). The response to vaccination in Senegal was lower in 2006–2007 (43%) than in 2008–2009 (65%), (p = 0.028). Our results, although not based on a representative sample of Senegalese or Cameroonian child populations, reveal a significant problem in vaccine response in Senegal. This response problem extends well beyond hepatitis B: the same children who have not developed an immune response to the HBV vaccine are also at risk for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTwP) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Field biological monitoring should be carried out regularly in resource-poor countries to check quality of the vaccine administered

Infection par le VIH-1 groupe O : étude des caractéristiques épidémiologiques et de la réponse immuno-virologique aux antirétroviraux

HIV-1 group O (HIV-1/O) is genetically distinct from HIV-1/M and is endemic in Cameroon while in France 140 HIV-1/O were diagnoses since 1990. The aim of this work was to characterize HIV-1/O epidemiological characteristics, infection natural evolution and immuno-virological response to treatment.In France, based on a large series of 101 HIV-1/O patients, we demonstrated that the natural evolution of HIV-1/O was in between the evolution of HIV-2 and HIV-1/M, but closer to HIV-1/M. We also confirmed in vivo HIV-1/O natural resistance to INNTI treatment. Then, we compared HIV-1/O and HIV-1/M immune-virological response to ARV treatment. In France, we compared data from two cohorts and a clinical trial was performed in Cameroun.One of the HIV-1/O characteristic is the lower CVp before treatment compared to HIV-1/M in naïve patient. This difference had no impact on the virological responses to cART. The proportion of patients with an undetectable pVL was similar between the two groups one year after the beginning of the treatment. Immunological response was close between HIV-1/O and HIV-1/M in France. But when the two populations were compared in Cameroon, the immunological response to cART was lower for HIV-1/O patients than for HIV-1/M patients, although this diffence didn’t had clinical consequences.HIV-1/O medical care based on HIV-1/M guidelines is highly efficient if the treatment doesn’t include NNRTI treatment.Le VIH-1 groupe O (VIH-1/O) est un groupe divergent de VIH-1, endémique au Cameroun, 140 cas ont été identifiés en France depuis 1990. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’impact de la diversité du VIH-1/O sur les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, l’évolution naturelle de l’infection et sur la réponse immuno-virologique aux traitements.En France, le recueil de données de suivi uniques portant sur 101 patients ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’évolution naturelle des VIH-1/O était intermédiaire entre celle des VIH-1/M et celle des VIH-2. La résistance aux INNTI des patients VIH-1/O a été confirmée in vivo. La réponse immuno-virologique aux traitements a été comparée entre les VIH-1/O et les VIH-1/M suivis dans des cohortes en France et dans le cadre d’un essai clinique au Cameroun.Une des caractéristiques des VIH-1/O est une CVp significativement plus faible que celle des VIH-1/M avant l’initiation du traitement. Cela n’a pas d’impact sur la survenue de l’indétectabilité, qui est similaire dans les deux groupes après un an de traitement. La réponse immunologique des patients VIH-1/O est globalement proche de celle des patients VIH-1/M en France. Cependant, la comparaison entre deux populations appariés suivis au Cameroun a montré une réponse immuno-virologique plus faible des patients VIH-1/O, sans que cela ait d’impact clinique.La prise en charge des patients VIH-1/O suivant les recommandations mises en place pour les VIH-1/M est donc efficace si elle ne comporte pas d’INNTI

Bictegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 group O patients: data from real-life bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide switches

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Virological response to integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based antiretroviral combinations in HIV-1 group O-infected patients

International audienceAlthough integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are widely used in HIV-1 group M (HIV-1/M) infections, little is known about their efficacy against genetically divergent HIV-1 group O (HIV-1/O) strains. Previous phenotypic works have demonstrated the variable susceptibility of HIV-1/O strains, depending on INSTI drugs. Clinical data are very limited and obtained from a few patients.OBJECTIVES:To investigate the virological success rate of an INSTI-based combination of antiretroviral therapy (cART) in a large population of HIV-1/O-infected patients, and to describe resistance-associated mutations (RAM) at virological failure.METHODS:The virological response of 39 patients receiving INSTI-based cART during their follow-up was analysed i) at the last point of the first INSTI initiation and ii) at their most recent visit. RAM analysis was performed at virological failures. Resistance interpretation was based on the French National Agency of Research on AIDS and viral hepatitis (ANRS) rules.RESULTS:Virological success at both time points of analysis was high, with more than 87% of the patients with undetectable plasma viral load. Among the six patients with virological failure, three selected RAM described for HIV-1/M resistance, and two had already RAM, before INSTI initiation.CONCLUSION:Our results show that HIV-1/O infected patients receiving INSTI-based cART presented a high rate of virological success whatever their previous lines; we have also shown that resistance rules for HIV-1/M could be considered when failure occurs. These data are of importance especially in the context of WHO recommendations for a wider use of this class

First report of transmission of a highly resistant strain of HIV-1 group O

Groupe de travail dans la liste des auteurs : RES-O Surveillance NetworkInternational audienc

Antiretroviral Therapy as Prevention of … Pneumococcal Infections?

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Knowledge, attitudes and practices of French university students towards COVID-19 prevention—are health students better?

International audienceDuring the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, public health measures (PHM) were implemented to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. At university, we wondered whether health students would be more likely to comply with these safety measures against infectious disease transmission compared to other students. Thus, we collected 1 426 university students’ responses to an online anonymous survey to describe their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of COVID-19 prevention measures and to compare the opinions and practices of health students and science students at the same university of Rouen Normandy (France). A higher proportion of science students (84.6%) compared to health students (73.9%) reported knowledge of the university’s COVID-19 protocol, p<0.001. However, the health students compared to science students reported a higher compliance with PHM at home (91.4% vs 88.0%) and at university (94.1% vs 91.1%). In a multiple regression analysis, after adjustment for age, sex and university department, factors associated with higher compliance with PHM were knowledge of the university’s COVID-19 protocol and a high perceived efficacy of PHM. A SARS-CoV-2 PCR result was not predictive of compliance with PHM. The results of this online survey in French students show a high level of knowledge and practices of COVID-19 prevention Although their performances could still be improved by training, the good results of health students regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices are encouraging as these students could be an added backup force to fight against viral pandemics