Les plasmocytes et leur niche : étude de la génération de plasmocytes humains in vitro

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2016-2017Chez l’humain, les lymphocytes B mémoires IgG+ et IgA+ sont des cellules clés de l’immunité humorale. Ces cellules mémoires sont maintenues à long-terme dans notre organisme. Elles représentent une défense rapide et efficace contre toutes les infections que nous avons déjà vaincues pendant notre vie. Ces cellules mémoires qui rencontrent à nouveau leur antigène se différencient rapidement en plasmocytes à courte vie, et permettent la sécrétion massive d’immunoglobuline (Ig). La contrepartie mémoire de ces cellules sont les plasmocytes à longue vie qui sont présents dans les niches de la moelle osseuse et y sécrètent en permanence des anticorps protecteurs qui circulent dans le sang. Ces cellules sécrétrices peuvent avoir une durée de vie allant de dizaines d’années à la vie entière de l’individu. Les patients qui reçoivent des traitements de chimiothérapie ou de radiothérapie sont privés de ces cellules mémoires détruites par ces traitements au même titre que les cellules cancéreuses. Ces patients deviennent vulnérables aux infections et leur survie dépend de la régénération rapide de leur système hématopoïétique. Notre équipe a déjà mis au point une méthode pour préparer de grandes quantités des cellules mémoires capables de sécréter des IgG et des IgA. Les présents travaux visent à générer des plasmocytes fonctionnels et capables de survivre à long terme in vitro. La stratégie expérimentale visait à établir des conditions permettant de se rapprocher de l’environnement de la moelle osseuse. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les paramètres permettant la différenciation des lymphocytes B mémoires en plasmocytes. Étant donné l’importance du potentiel redox dans l’environnement de la moelle osseuse, nous avons d’abord tenté d’en contrôler l’impact avec un antioxydant, le N-acétyle cystéine (NAC). Nos résultats ont démontré que le NAC avait un effet significatif et diminuait la phosphorylation de la protéine STAT3 en raison d’une inhibition des kinases JAK2 et JAK3. Étonnamment, cet antioxydant retardait la différenciation de nos lymphocytes B qui étaient stimulés avec une forte interaction CD40-CD154. Par la suite, la comparaison des interactions CD40-CD154 et CD27-CD70 a permis de conclure qu’il était essentiel de réduire à son minimum l’interaction CD40-CD154 et qu’il fallait ajouter les cytokines IL-6 et IL-10. Les cellules CD31+CD38+CD138+ générées présentaient un phénotype similaire à celui des plasmocytes de la moelle osseuse. Malheureusement la fréquence de ces cellules était faible et leur viabilité insuffisante. Afin d’augmenter la survie de ces cellules le dernier volet de nos travaux visait à se rapprocher des niches de la moelle osseuse. Notre but a été atteint en ajoutant des cellules mésenchymateuses issues de la moelle osseuse en présence de 8% de dioxygène (O2). Les cellules CD31+CD38+CD138+ générées ont une excellente viabilité et représentent plus de 50% des cellules totales en culture. De plus, le modèle de culture est maintenant établi dans un milieu exempt de sérum et de protéines animales. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats permettent de proposer la production ex vivo de plasmocytes autologues avec une perspective thérapeutique pour réduire les risques d’infections des patients devenues immunodéficients, suite à un traitement de radiothérapie ou de chimiothérapie.In Humans, IgG+- and IgA+ memory B lymphocytes are key cells for the maintenance of humoral immunity. Memory B lymphocytes are long-lived cells maintained as a memory repertoire throughout our lives. Memory B lymphocytes can establish an efficient and rapid defense against previously encountered infections. These cells rapidly differentiate into short-lived plasma cells secreting high levels of antibodies. Their counterpart, the long-lived plasma cells are the memory populations present in the bone marrow microenvironment. The long-lived plasma cells release protective antibodies into the peripheral blood, maintaining a permanent immune protection. Plasma cells can remain active for years or even for the entire life of an individual. Conversely, patients treated for cancer receive massive doses of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which are detrimental for immune memory cells as well as cancerous cells. Those patients become highly vulnerable to infectious diseases and their survival depends on the regeneration of their hematopoietic system. Our research group has established an in vitro model enabling to prepare large quantities of IgG and IgA-secreting memory B lymphocytes. The present study aims to further investigate in vitro conditions to generate plasma cells with high survival capacity and able to secrete antibodies. Our experimental strategy intends to establish culture conditions similar to the bone marrow environment. The first step was to study parameters involved into differentiation of memory B lymphocytes into plasma cells. The importance of the redox balance in the bone marrow environment led us to measure the impact of Nacetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant. Our results showed that NAC decreased STAT3 activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of two kinases namely JAK2 and JAK3. Surprisingly, the addition of NAC had a negative effect on the differentiation of memory B lymphocytes in our culture conditions using a high level of CD40 stimulation. By comparing the levels of CD40-CD154 and CD27-CD70 interactions, we then confirmed that a low level of CD40-CD154 interaction was essential. We also established that addition of IL-6 and IL-10 was better to favor plasma cell generation. The cells obtained in this model were CD31+CD38+CD138+, showing a phenotype close to that of plasma cells found in the bone marrow. Unfortunately, those cells were produced in low frequency and were characterized by a low viability. To increase the survival of these in vitro generated plasma cells, we tried to generate culture conditions that resemble the bone marrow environment. We have achieved this by adding mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and maintained the cells at a low O2 level (8%). Cells CD31+CD38+CD138+ obtained at the end of the culture periods showed a high viability, and corresponded to more than 50% of total cultured cells. As expected, those cells were non-proliferating and able to secrete IgG. Furthermore, this in vitro culture model was established with a serum free media. In conclusion, our findings pave the way for the ex vivo production of autologous plasma cell for therapeutic purposes in order to reduce the risks of infection of immune-deficient patients

Secretome of mesenchymal stem cells and its impact on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible loss of lung function that stem from two mechanisms, inflammation and senescence. Crosstalk between these two mechanisms accelerate the development of COPD, thus targeting these two pathways may offer benefits in the treatment of COPD. Growing amount of evidence have shown that mesenchymal stem cells as a promising candidate for the treatment of COPD. Over the years, many studies conducted to decipher the therapeutic effect of MSC in COPD and the mechanisms involve, in the hope of utilizing these cells as new therapeutic strategy for COPD. However, the cell-based therapy by using the MSC presented with many obstacles including low engraftment at the site of injury, the risk of microvascular occlusion, unwanted differentiation, and also the risk of malignant transformation. Recently, recently researchers begin to look at the possibility of using MSC derived extracellular vesicles as an alternative to MSC. Here we review the effect of MSC and MSC derived EV in modulating inflammation, and senescence in COPD. We also review current treatment and the side effect in COPD, and senolytic drugs, a new therapeutic strategy targeting the senescent cells

Le rôle de la flexibilité de la charnière qui lie les domaines 4 et 5 de la glutamyl-ARNt synthétase d'escherichia coli, sur l'activité catalytique de cette enzyme

Les aminoacyl-ARNt synthetases (aaRS) sont des enzymes clés dans le mécanisme de biosynthèse des protéines. Chacun des membres de cette famille d'enzymes reconnaît et lie les éléments d'identités propres à chaque acide ribonucléique de transfert (ARNt) permettant ainsi leur aminoacylation par un acide aminé spécifique. Une fois l'ARNt correctement chargé, celui-ci peut lier un facteur protéique (EF-Tu pour les aminoacyl-ARNt élongateurs) qui le conduit au ribosome pour la biosynthèse des protéines. Plus particulièrement la glutamyl-ARNt synthetase (GluRS) d'Escherichia coli est une protéine capable d'estérifier l'ARNtGIU par un résidu glutamate. Cette enzyme monomérique est subdivisée en 5 domaines structuraux, chacun capable de lier une portion de l'ARNt qui lui est propre. La région formant la boucle d'anticodon de l'ARNtG'u est reconnue par les domaines 4 et 5 séparés par une charnière, et situés en C-terminal de l'enzyme. L'étude d'une GluRS tronquée, délétée de son domaine 5, a montré l'importance de ce domaine sur l'activité catalytique de cette enzyme. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes mis en place entre ces deux derniers domaines lors de la liaison du substrat ARNtGly, des variants protéiques visant à altérer les interactions existant entre les domaines 4 et 5 et la charnière ont été synthétisés, et leur constantes catalytiques mesurées. L'étude du simple variant, substitué au niveau du second résidu chargé de la charnière de la GluRS de E. coli a montré l'importance de ce dernier dans les interactions mises en place entre le domaine 5 et la charnière. Par ailleurs l'altération des constantes cinétiques (en comparaison avec les valeurs trouvées pour l'enzyme sauvage), de double et triple variants, substitués au niveau des résidus chargés trouvés sur la charnière séparant les domaines 4 et 5, ont révélé l'importance de certain de ces résidus dans les interactions existant entre ces deux domaines

Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to epithelial cells: an in vitro approach to study interactions within the nasal microbiota

International audienceIntroduction. Staphylococcus aureus is a skin and mucous commensal bacterium of warm-blooded animals. In humans, the nose is the main ecological niche of S. aureus, and nasal carriage is a risk factor for developing an endogenous infection. S. aureus nasal colonization is a multifactorial process, involving inter-species interactions among the nasal microbiota.Aims. The objectives of this study were to characterize the microbiota of carriers and non-carriers of S. aureus and to demonstrate the importance of inter-species relationships in the adhesion of S. aureus, a key step in nasal colonization.Methodology. First, we characterized the nasal microbiota from 30 S. aureus carriers and non-carriers by a culturomic approach. We then evaluated the adhesion of S. aureus, first alone and then along with other bacteria of the nasal microbiota. To do that, we used an in vitro model to measure the interactions among bacteria in the presence of epithelial cells.Results. Analysis of the nasal microbiota of the carriers and non-carriers of S. aureus made it possible to observe that each microbiota has specific features in terms of composition. However, this composition differs significantly between carriers and non-carriers mainly through two bacterial groups: coagulase-negative staphylococci and corynebacteria. In a second part, adhesion of S. aureus to epithelial cells showed competition between S. aureus and these bacteria, suggesting a limitation of nasal colonization by S. aureus.Conclusion. These findings demonstrate the existence of a negative correlation between S. aureus and other species which inhibits adhesion and could limit nasal colonization

Human CD38hiCD138+ Plasma Cells Can Be Generated In Vitro from CD40-Activated Switched-Memory B Lymphocytes

B lymphocyte differentiation into long-lived plasma cells is the keystone event for the production of long-term protective antibodies. CD40-CD154 and CD27-CD70 interactions are involved in human B lymphocyte differentiation into CD38hiCD138+ cells in vivo as well as in vitro. In this study, we have compared these interactions in their capacity to drive switched-memory B lymphocytes differentiation into CD38hiCD138+ plasma cells. The targeted B lymphocytes were isolated from human peripheral blood, expanded for 19 days, and then submitted to CD70 or CD154 interactions for 14 days. The expanded B lymphocytes were constitutively expressing CD39, whereas CD31’s expression was noticed only following the in vitro differentiation step (day 5) and was exclusively present on the CD38hi cell population. Furthermore, the generated CD38hiCD138+ cells showed a higher proportion of CD31+ cells than the CD38hiCD138- cells. Besides, analyses done with human blood and bone marrow plasma cells showed that in vivo and de novo generated CD38hiCD138+ cells have a similar CD31 expression profile but are distinct according to their reduced CD39 expression level. Overall, we have evidences that in vitro generated plasma cells are heterogeneous and appear as CD39+ precursors to the ones present in bone marrow niches

The Hypoplasic Mandible: What Makes it Different From the Healthy Child?

International audienceObjective: This study aimed to analyze the morphology of the hypoplasic mandible and its evolution during the growth period to better understand how it differs from the pediatric healthy mandible. Method: Three-dimensional mandibular models of hypoplasic and healthy children aged from 39 gestational weeks to 7 years old were analyzed with a morphometric method including data clustering. Morphological distinctions between pathological and healthy mandibles were highlighted. Bilateral and unilateral mandibular hypoplasia were distinguished. Results: The study sample was composed of 31 hypoplasic children and as many sex- and age-matched healthy children. Morphological distinctions between pathological and healthy mandibles were highlighted only from the first year of life. In bilateral hypoplasia, the overall mandibular dimensions were reduced while there was only a ramus asymmetry in unilateral mandibular hypoplasia (mean ± SD of the difference between the Grp03c and Grp03b subgroups: 6.80 ± 6.37 – P value = 1.64e –3 for the height of the left ramus versus 0.18 ± 4.18 – P value = .82 for the height of the right ramus). Supervised classification trees were built to identify the pathology and discriminate unilateral from bilateral mandibular hypoplasia (prediction rates = 81% and 84%, respectively). Conclusions: Based on a morphometric analysis, we demonstrated that mandibular hypoplasia significantly impacts the mandibular morphology only from the first year of life, with a distinction between bilateral and unilateral hypoplasia

tRNAGlu increases the affinity of glutamyl-tRNA synthetase for its inhibitor glutamyl-sulfamoyl-adenosine, an analogue of the aminoacylation reaction intermediate glutamyl-AMP: mechanistic and evolutionary implications.

For tRNA-dependent protein biosynthesis, amino acids are first activated by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) yielding the reaction intermediates aminoacyl-AMP (aa-AMP). Stable analogues of aa-AMP, such as aminoacyl-sulfamoyl-adenosines, inhibit their cognate aaRSs. Glutamyl-sulfamoyl-adenosine (Glu-AMS) is the best known inhibitor of Escherichia coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS). Thermodynamic parameters of the interactions between Glu-AMS and E. coli GluRS were measured in the presence and in the absence of tRNA by isothermal titration microcalorimetry. A significant entropic contribution for the interactions between Glu-AMS and GluRS in the absence of tRNA or in the presence of the cognate tRNAGlu or of the non-cognate tRNAPhe is indicated by the negative values of -TΔSb, and by the negative value of ΔCp. On the other hand, the large negative enthalpy is the dominant contribution to ΔGb in the absence of tRNA. The affinity of GluRS for Glu-AMS is not altered in the presence of the non-cognate tRNAPhe, but the dissociation constant Kd is decreased 50-fold in the presence of tRNAGlu; this result is consistent with molecular dynamics results indicating the presence of an H-bond between Glu-AMS and the 3'-OH oxygen of the 3'-terminal ribose of tRNAGlu in the Glu-AMS•GluRS•tRNAGlu complex. Glu-AMS being a very close structural analogue of Glu-AMP, its weak binding to free GluRS suggests that the unstable Glu-AMP reaction intermediate binds weakly to GluRS; these results could explain why all the known GluRSs evolved to activate glutamate only in the presence of tRNAGlu, the coupling of glutamate activation to its transfer to tRNA preventing unproductive cleavage of ATP

Temperature-dependence of Glu-AMS binding to GluRS.

<p>Integrated ITC curves of Glu-AMS (90 μM) binding to GluRS (9 μM) at different temperatures; 20°C (circles), 30°C (upside-down triangles), 37°C (squares).</p

Influence of tRNA on GluRS/Glu-AMS binding at 30°C.

<p>n = stoichiometry coefficient (number of moles of Glu-AMS bound per mole of GluRS monomer), ΔH_b = reaction enthalpy, ΔS_b = reaction entropy, ΔG_b = reaction energy (calculated with the formula ΔG_b = -RT Ln <i>K</i>_b, where R = 1.987 cal/mol·K).</p><p>All values and errors in this table were obtained by weighting by inverse variance [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121043#pone.0121043.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>], except for ΔG_b values and errors, obtained by simple average and standard error calculations.</p><p>Raw data and calculated values for each separated ITC runs are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121043#pone.0121043.s004" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p><p>Influence of tRNA on GluRS/Glu-AMS binding at 30°C.</p