Paysage 1 : Formes et cartographie

International audienceAnalyze the landscape at different scales, and develop mapping (scale 1/200 000 in final report), contributes to the knowledge of the organization of the space occupied by men. Mapping the landscape requires prior detailed analysis of its various constituent elements, the "landscape forms", the tree is one of the most remarkable. Mapping the landscape must return to it its thickness and roughness, that does not get a land use map. It is more explicit than the strictly topographical map, as shown in the legend. It has more, a division of space in landscape units, daily life of the inhabitants of the territories placesand elementary units of the development. The methodology is exposed, and the three cards that have been drawn. Five photographs support the connection, which will be continued in a second publication.Analyser le paysage, à différentes échelles, et en dresser la cartographie (à l'échelle de 1/200 000 en rendu final), contribue à la connaissance de l'organisation de l'espace qu'occupent les hommes. La cartographie du paysage nécessite au préalable l'analyse détaillée de ses différents éléments constituants, les "formes paysagères", dont l'arbre est une des plus remarquables. La carte du paysage doit restituer à celui-ci son épaisseur, et sa rugosité, ce que ne recherche pas une carte d'occupation du sol. Elle est plus explicite que la carte strictement topographique, comme le montre sa légende. Elle présente de plus un découpage de l'espace en unités paysagères, lieux de vie quotidiens des habitants des territoires, et unités élémentaires de l'aménagement. La méthode suivie est exposée, ainsi que les trois cartes qui ont été dessinées. Cinq photographies appuient le propos, qui sera poursuivi dans une deuxième publication

Paysage 2. De la crise à la réversibilité créatrice

International audienceThis article follows a precedent that analyzed the shapes of the landscape, and stood a mapping. The process continues here in search of the factors behind the scenery and way of seeing. The landscape is visible part on the surface of a structured organization of space in severalabstract levels. Deep levels represent the deployment of economic, political and land structures.Landscapes change in history, according to the forces that organize them. Their perception follows the movement, or reacts in return. Since the 1970s, capitalism has plunged into a long crisis, he tries to overcome with a predatory and speculative exploitation of natural resources and landscapes, multiplied by the space consumption of urban sprawl, driven by centrifugal dynamics born in the depression. The "change" the landscape is in fact real destruction because irreversible, in a general regression that suggests a world that is moving towards a new totalitarianism. But the crisis issue could be done within the "geographical transition", especially the reversibility of amenities and landscape, as part of a geographical area revitalized by the "urban-rural zoning."Cet article fait suite à un précédent qui analysait les formes du paysage, et en dressait une cartographie. La démarche se poursuit ici, à la recherche des facteurs qui expliquent les paysages et la façon de les voir. Le paysage est la partie visible, en surface, d'une organisation de l'espace structurée enplusieurs niveaux abstraits. Les niveaux profonds représentent le déploiement de structures économiques, foncières et politiques.Les paysages changent dans l'histoire, d'après les forces qui les organisent. Leur perception suit le mouvement, ou réagit en retour. Depuis les années 1970, le capitalisme a basculé dans une crise longue, qu'il tente de surmonter par une exploitation prédatrice et spéculative des ressources naturelles et des paysages, démultipliée par la consommation d'espace de l'étalement urbain, mû par les dynamiques centrifuges nées de la crise. Les "mutations" du paysage sont en réalité de véritables destructions, car irréversibles, dans une régression générale qui laisse entrevoir un monde se dirigeant vers un nouveau totalitarisme. Mais la sortie de crise pourrait se faire dans la "transition géographique", en particulier par la réversibilité des aménagements et des paysages, s'inscrivant dans un espace géographique revivifié par la "zonation ville-campagne"

L’évolution des structures intra-urbaines au Havre des origines à nos jours : Les faits et leur interprétation

International audienceThis article aims to show that the forms and intra-urbans structures of Le Havre agglomeration has evolved according to the trends of the long economicconditions; i.e. the long movements of purchasing power. We show that from the early sixteenth century to the present, the internal morphology of theagglomeration seem indeed subject to the dynamics of wealth sharing. It is more equitable, more cities have a shape close neoclassical equilibrium models to the circular organization. Instead, most sharing is inequitable and favors capital income at the expense of labor, the more the shape of the city away frome these circular structures to approach the radial pattern identified by Hoyt in the thirties in Chicago. In the 2000s, the Depression and the highly segregated process of metropolisation, vigorously activate it dynamic. So the economy that shapes cities, acting on a legacy, however, with the inertia of any human settlement.Cet article se propose de montrer que les formes et les structures intra-urbaines de l'agglomération du Havre ont évolué selon les trends de la conjonctureéconomique longue; autrement dit, les mouvements longs du pouvoir d'achat. Nous montrons que, du début du XVIème siècle jusqu’à nos jours, lesmorphologies internes de l'agglomération semblent bel et bien soumises à la dynamique du partage des richesses. Plus celui-ci est équitable, plus les villes ont une forme proche des modèles néo-classiques d’équilibre, à l'organisation circulaire. Au contraire, plus ce partage est inéquitable et favorise les revenus du capital aux dépens de ceux du travail, plus la forme de la ville s’éloigne de ces structures circulaires pour se rapprocher du modèle radial identifié par Hoyt dans les années trente à Chicago. Dans les années 2000, la Crise et le processus très ségrégatif de la métropolisation, activent vigoureusement cette dernière dynamique. C'est donc la conjoncture économique qui modèle les villes, agissant sur un héritage doté cependant de l'inertie propre à tout établissement humain

The colorimetric assay of viability for algae (CAVA): a fast and accurate technique

International audienceDetermining the fraction of viable cells in algal cultures is critical to improve the understanding and control of algal microbiology, ecology, and biotechnology. Whereas current techniques for algal viability determination can be rather cumbersome, this paper describes a new assay that enables the rapid quantification of algal viability using only spectrophotometric measurements. This technique, henceforth named CAVA test, relies on the selective adsorption of erythrosine by non-viable cells and was validated on the algal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris. The results obtained by the CAVA test were in good agreement with the in situ measurement of oxygen production rates. In addition, the CAVA test was shown to quantify the viability of algal samples regardless of the cause of death (heating, UV-irradiation or H2O2 exposure). The CAVA technique has28 therefore the potential to offer fast and universal approach to measure the viability of algal samples

Good science for improving policy: greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural manures

Australia’s and New Zealand’s major agricultural manure management emission sources are reported to be, in descending order of magnitude: (1) methane (CH4) from dairy farms in both countries; (2) CH4 from pig farms in Australia; and nitrous oxide (N2O) from (3) beef feedlots and (4) poultry sheds in Australia. We used literature to critically review these inventory estimates. Alarmingly for dairy farm CH4 (1), our review revealed assumptions and omissions that when addressed could dramatically increase this emission estimate. The estimate of CH4 from Australian pig farms (2) appears to be accurate, according to industry data and field measurements. The N2O emission estimates for beef feedlots (3) and poultry sheds (4) are based on northern hemisphere default factors whose appropriateness for Australia is questionable and unverified. Therefore, most of Australasia’s key livestock manure management greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profiles are either questionable or are unsubstantiated by region-specific research. Encouragingly, GHG from dairy shed manure are relatively easy to mitigate because they are a point source which can be managed by several ‘close-to-market’ abatement solutions. Reducing these manure emissions therefore constitutes an opportunity for meaningful action sooner compared with the more difficult-to-implement and long-term strategies that currently dominate agricultural GHG mitigation research. At an international level, our review highlights the critical need to carefully reassess GHG emission profiles, particularly if such assessments have not been made since the compilation of original inventories. Failure to act in this regard presents the very real risk of missing the ‘low hanging fruit’ in the rush towards a meaningful response to climate chang

Good science for improving policy: greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural manures

Australia’s and New Zealand’s major agricultural manure management emission sources are reported to be, in descending order of magnitude: (1) methane (CH4) from dairy farms in both countries; (2) CH4 from pig farms in Australia; and nitrous oxide (N2O) from (3) beef feedlots and (4) poultry sheds in Australia. We used literature to critically review these inventory estimates. Alarmingly for dairy farm CH4 (1), our review revealed assumptions and omissions that when addressed could dramatically increase this emission estimate. The estimate of CH4 from Australian pig farms (2) appears to be accurate, according to industry data and field measurements. The N2O emission estimates for beef feedlots (3) and poultry sheds (4) are based on northern hemisphere default factors whose appropriateness for Australia is questionable and unverified. Therefore, most of Australasia’s key livestock manure management greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profiles are either questionable or are unsubstantiated by region-specific research. Encouragingly, GHG from dairy shed manure are relatively easy to mitigate because they are a point source which can be managed by several ‘close-to-market’ abatement solutions. Reducing these manure emissions therefore constitutes an opportunity for meaningful action sooner compared with the more difficult-to-implement and long-term strategies that currently dominate agricultural GHG mitigation research. At an international level, our review highlights the critical need to carefully reassess GHG emission profiles, particularly if such assessments have not been made since the compilation of original inventories. Failure to act in this regard presents the very real risk of missing the ‘low hanging fruit’ in the rush towards a meaningful response to climate chang

Using Glucan Water Dikinase for in vitro glucan phosphorylation

Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstrac

Photodegradation and sorption govern tetracycline removal during wastewater treatment in algal ponds

Producción CientíficaThe degradation of the antibiotic tetracycline, supplied at 100 µg L−1 in domestic wastewater, was studied in an outdoor, pilot scale, high rate algal pond (HRAP). Effective operation was demonstrated with the biomass concentration and the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency averaging 1.2 ± 0.1 gTSS L−1 and 80 ± 4%, respectively, across all operational periods. Tetracycline removal exceeded 93% and 99% when the HRAP was operated at hydraulic retention times of 4 and 7 days, respectively. Batch tests and pulse testing during HRAP operation repeatedly evidenced the significance of photodegradation as a removal mechanism. Sorption dominated tetracycline removal during the night, but accounted for less than 6% of the total pollutant removal based on sorbed tetracycline extracted from biomass. Overall, these results provide the first demonstration of efficient antibiotic removal, occurring mainly via indirect photodegradation, during relevant HRAP operation (low pollutant concentration, domestic wastewater and natural sunlight).Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project CTM2015-70442-R and Red NOVEDAR