Modulation de la signalisation du récepteur de type 2 du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire (VEGFR-2) par l’ubiquitination

Résumé L’angiogenèse est l’un des processus les plus importants pour le maintien de l’homéostasie de l’oxygène dans les tissus. Le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, VEGF, joue un rôle primordial dans la réponse angiogénique. Ce facteur de croissance mène à l’activation du récepteur de type 2 du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, VEGFR-2. Suite à une activation du VEGFR-2, plusieurs cascades de signalisation sont activées dans les cellules endothéliales. Afin d’atténuer cette signalisation, le VEGFR-2 est multi-ubiquitiné sur des résidus lysine et de cette manière, il est amené aux voies de dégradation, principalement dans les lysosomes. Cette ubiquitination est induite par l’association de l’ubiquitine ligase (E3) c-Cbl à un résidu tyrosine phosphorylé du domaine C-terminal du récepteur. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié la tyrosine 1319 comme étant nécessaire pour l’association de c-Cbl au VEGFR-2 et son ubiquitination. Nos résultats démontrent aussi que dans des cellules endothéliales aortiques bovines, BAEC, la surexpression du récepteur mutant Y1319F ralentit la dégradation du VEGFR-2 et induit une activation plus forte et prolongée de la synthétase endothéliale du monoxyde d’azote (eNOS). Ces résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre le déroulement de la régulation de la signalisation du VEGFR-2 au niveau intracellulaire. Mots-clés: [Angiogenèse, VEGFR-2, VEGF, c-Cbl, Ubiquitination, Tyrosine 1319, Dégradation]Abstract Angiogenesis is one of the most important processes to maintain oxygen homeostasis throughout the different tissues. The different signaling pathways of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, VEGFR-2, play a primordial role in the angiogenic response induced by different angiogenic factors, one of which is the vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF. Following VEGFR-2 activation, many signaling cascades are triggered in endothelial cells; in order to attenuate this response, VEGFR-2 undergoes multi ubiquitination on lysine residues and in this fashion it is brought into the degradation pathways, mainly through the lysosomes. This ubiquitination is induced by the association of the ubiquitin ligase (E3) c-Cbl to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the c-terminal domain of VEGFR-2. In this study, we identified tyrosine residue 1319 as being necessary for the association of c-Cbl to VEGFR-2 and for its ubiquitination. Our results show as well that overexpression of the mutant Y1319F version of VEGFR-2 in bovine aortic endothelial cells, BAEC, slows down the degradation process of VEGFR-2 and at the same time increases and prolongs the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS. These results allow us to better understand the process of VEGFR-2 signaling regulation at the intracellular level. Keywords: [Angiogenesis, VEGFR-2, VEGF, c-Cbl, Ubiquitination, Tyrosine 1319, Degradation

Marco normativo vigente en Colombia: diferenciación salarial por razón de sexo

In this article, it is found a thematic review about the normative development of article 13 of the political constitution, and in general the normative framework in force for the prohibition of wage differentiation in our country, taking into account that The State has the duty to watch over, and to protect the rights to equality of ihabitants as well as to ensure the protection, integrity and equality of the labours of citizens. The main objective in this research is due to the concern of whether there is an unshakable norm in Colombia issued for the effective fulfillment of the fundamental rights of equality, guaranteed to Colombian people in article 13 of the political constitution of Colombia, since as a result in the s Carried out researches periodically by DANE entity in previous years, it was possible to show the existence of the discriminatory phenomenon in the labour contexts and as mentioned social problematic omissions and failires, the effective fulfillment of the fundamental rights of equality guaranteed by The State. This document is the result of the identification and revision of the normative framework in force in Colombia, applicable to the prohibition of the salarial differences by reason of sex.En el presente artículo se encuentra una revisión temática acerca del desarrollo normativo del artículo 13 de la constitución política, y en general el marco normativo vigente para la prohibición de la diferenciación salarial en nuestra república, teniendo en cuenta que el estado tiene el deber de velar y proteger el derecho a la Igualdad de las personas, así como también velar por la protección, integridad e igualdad laboral de los miembros de la sociedad. La razón fundamental de este estudio obedece a la preocupación de si en Colombia existe normatividad inquebrantable expedida para el cumplimiento efectivo del derecho fundamental de igualdad, garantizado al pueblo en el artículo 13 de la constitución política de Colombia, toda vez que como resultado en los estudios realizados periódicamente por la entidad del DANE en años anteriores, se pudo evidenciar la existencia del fenómeno discriminatorio en el mercado laboral y como mencionada problemática social viola y afecta el cumplimiento efectivo del derecho fundamental de igualdad garantizado por el estado. Este escrito es el resultado de la identificación y revisión del marco normativo vigente en Colombia, aplicable a la prohibición de la diferenciación salarial por razón de sexo

Formation of polarity convergences underlying shoot outgrowths

The development of outgrowths from plant shoots depends on formation of epidermal sites of cell polarity convergence with high intracellular auxin at their centre. A parsimonious model for generation of convergence sites is that cell polarity for the auxin transporter PIN1 orients up auxin gradients, as this spontaneously generates convergent alignments. Here we test predictions of this and other models for the patterns of auxin biosynthesis and import. Live imaging of outgrowths from kanadi1 kanadi2 Arabidopsis mutant leaves shows that they arise by formation of PIN1 convergence sites within a proximodistal polarity field. PIN1 polarities are oriented away from regions of high auxin biosynthesis enzyme expression, and towards regions of high auxin importer expression. Both expression patterns are required for normal outgrowth emergence, and may form part of a common module underlying shoot outgrowths. These findings are more consistent with models that spontaneously generate tandem rather than convergent alignments

An optimised transformation protocol for Anthoceros agrestis and three more hornwort species

Land plants comprise two large monophyletic lineages, the vascular plants and the bryophytes, which diverged from their most recent common ancestor approximately 480 million years ago. Of the three lineages of bryophytes, only the mosses and the liverworts are systematically investigated, while the hornworts are understudied. Despite their importance for understanding fundamental questions of land plant evolution, they only recently became amenable to experimental investigation, with Anthoceros agrestis being developed as a hornwort model system. Availability of a high-quality genome assembly and a recently developed genetic transformation technique makes A. agrestis an attractive model species for hornworts. Here we describe an updated and optimised transformation protocol for A. agrestis which can be successfully used to genetically modify one more strain of A. agrestis and three more hornwort species, Anthoceros punctatus, Leiosporoceros dussi and Phaeoceros carolinianus. The new transformation method is less laborious, faster and results in the generation of greatly increased numbers of transformants compared to the previous method. We have also developed a new selection marker for transformation. Finally, we report the development of a set of different cellular localisation signal peptides for hornworts providing new tools to better understand hornwort cell biology

Good practice regarding smoking cessation management in Spain: Challenges and opportunities for primary care physicians and nurses

INTRODUCTION We analyze the activities carried out by primary care (PC) physicians and nurses with respect to smoking cessation and evaluate their self-reported training, knowledge, and behavior. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted including 1514 PC physicians and nurses from June 2016 to March 2017, in Spain. The main variable was Good Practice (GP) in attention to smokers. To identify associated factors, a multilevel logistic regression model was used adjusted for sex, age, type of center, contract, years of employment, tobacco consumption, and self-reported training/knowledge. RESULTS Of the 792 physicians and 722 nurses, 48.6% referred to GP in smoking cessation management. The finding related to: being a non-smoker (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.5) or ex-smoker (OR= 1.4; 95% CI: 1.02-2.1), having a good level of knowledge (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4) and training (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.8-3.2), and, to a lesser extent, being female (OR=1.3; 95% CI: 1.03-1.7), and work experience >10 years (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.03-1.9). The main GP barriers were: lack of time (45.5%), organizational problems (48.4%), and 35.4% lack of training. CONCLUSIONS The GP of PC physicians and nurses regarding smoking cessation management is related to being non-smokers or ex-smokers, and having sufficient training and knowledge. Lack of time and organizational problems were considered to be the main barriers. The promotion of training activities in the Spanish National Health Service with the support of scientific societies is required

Birth of a Photosynthetic Chassis: A MoClo Toolkit Enabling Synthetic Biology in the Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Microalgae are regarded as promising organisms to develop innovative concepts based on their photosynthetic capacity that offers more sustainable production than heterotrophic hosts. However, to realize their potential as green cell factories, a major challenge is to make microalgae easier to engineer. A promising approach for rapid and predictable genetic manipulation is to use standardized synthetic biology tools and workflows. To this end we have developed a Modular Cloning toolkit for the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It is based on Golden Gate cloning with standard syntax, and comprises 119 openly distributed genetic parts, most of which have been functionally validated in several strains. It contains promoters, UTRs, terminators, tags, reporters, antibiotic resistance genes, and introns cloned in various positions to allow maximum modularity. The toolkit enables rapid building of engineered cells for both fundamental research and algal biotechnology. This work will make Chlamydomonas the next chassis for sustainable synthetic biology

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

Modelado de las interacciones ligando-residuo de Hidroxietilaminas que actúan como Inhbidores de la enzima bace1: Un estudio DFT.

Tesis (Magíster en Química) -- Universidad de Cartagena. Facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales. Maestría en química, 2011La identificación de la BACE1, una enzima clave en la producción de los péptidos β-amiloide (Aβ), generados por la ruptura proteolítica de la proteína precursora de amiloide (APP), fue el mayor descubrimiento en el campo del mal de Alzheimer puesto que esta patología se caracteriza por la presencia de placas seniles extracelulares, las cuales se componen principalmente de péptidos Aβ. Las hidroxietilaminas han demostrado un gran potencial como candidatos a fármacos contra esta enfermedad, usando a la BACE1 como blanco