Antibacterial properties studies of trunk barks of terminalia ivorensis (Combretaceae), a commercial and medicinal specie, on some methicillin-resistant Staphylococci spp strains.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus infections are a worldwide concern. Terminalia ivorensis, of Combretaceae family plant, is widely used traditional medicinal in Côte d’Ivoire to treat dermal diseases (affection in which Staphylococci are implied) including local inflammation and also to treat voice-loss.Objectives: This study focused to investigate the effect in vitro of the extracts of trunk barks of Terminalia ivorensis on some methicillin/oxacillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, coagulase-negative S. and reference strain of S. aureus ATCC 25923.Methods: Antibacterial activity of aqueous, 70% ethanolic 70% and aqueous residue extracts was assessed using agar disc-diffusion method and liquid medium microdilution method in 96 multi-well micro-titer plates. This method led us to determine minimum inhibition concentration (M.I.C.) and minimum bactericidal concentration (M.B.C.). The presence of chemical groups major was detected qualitatively.Results: Aqueous and 70% ethanolic 70% extracts showed significant activity against all the bacteria except aqueous residue when compared with the standard antibiotic oxacillin (5μg/ml). M.I.C. for aqueous and 70% ethanolic 70% extracts ranged from 0,83-16,67 mg/ml and 0,156-13,33 mg/ml respectively. Viable cell determination revealed the bactericidal nature of the two barks extracts. The 70% ethanolic 70% extract exhibited the highest activity according to the M.B.C. values. The phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpen/sterols, coumarins, polyphenols and traces of alkaloid.Conclusion: The in-vitro antibacterial efficacy shown by the barks of this plant and his lushness in chimical compounds, would justify use of this one in the traditional treatment of some diseases of microbial origin. These compounds could be suggested to provide alternative solution to the development of new therapeutic agents.Keys words: Terminalia ivorensis, Dermal diseases, Methicillin-resistant, Côte d’Ivoire

Evaluation du risque de contamination des preparations lactees au service de neonatalogie du chu de Treichville et resistance aux antibiotiques de la flore bacterienne

Les systèmes de préparation du lait ainsi que l’environnement hospitalier du service de néonatalogie ont été évalués. Le risque de contamination lié à la préparation lactée a été évalué à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Sur un total 59 échantillons ; 36 échantillons de préparation lactée regroupés en 6 lots et 23 échantillons provenant des mains, des narines et de l’air ambiant ont été collectés et analysés selon les normes microbiologiques relatives aux denrées alimentaires. L’analyse des lots montre une prédominance de S. aureus suivi de E. coli et enfin de P. aeruginosa. Les isolats présomptifs ont fait l’objet d’une identification par des tests biochimiques et de tests de sensibilité aux antibiotiques ont été réalisés selon les recommandations du Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie. Les résultats des analyses microbiologiques révèlent des charges élevées de E. coli (3,6.104 ufc/ml), P. aeruginosa (7,95.103 ufc/ml) et S. aureus (3,7.103  ufc/ml) dans la préparation lactée. Pas de présence de E. faecalis. Les tests de sensibilités mettent en avant un haut niveau de résistance des isolats à la plupart des antibiotiques testés principalement aux â-lactamines. La majorité des E. coli ont présenté un phénotype de production de BLSE (35 %). On note 44,4 % de resistance des S. aureus aux aminosides donnant un phénotype KTG. D’autres phénotypes de BLSE ont été révélés chez P. aeruginosa. En général on rencontre une resistance importante de ces souches aux différents antibiotiques présentant du coup un risque réel pour l’antibiothérapie humaine.Mots-clés : Préparations lactées, flore bactérienne de contamination, résistance aux antibiotiques, néonatalogie

Antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea against Extended-Spectrum-b-Lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Thonningia sanguinea against two sensitive and two multi-drug resistant (ESBL) Enterobacteria strains namely Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Method: The confirmation of the ESBL producing strains was done by the double-disc synergy tests and the broth dilution method was used for the determination of the antimicrobial parameters (MIC and MBC) on these sensitive and ESBL producing strains. Results: The two sensitive strains had the same MIC and MBC values respectively 3.125 mg /ml and 12.50 mg/ml. The ESBL producing strains also had the same MIC of 6.25 mg /ml and MBC values of 25 mg/ml. The extract was bactericidal for all tested strains. Conclusion: The results suggest that the flowers of T. sanguinea can be used in association with antibiotics for alternative therapy of diseases caused by ESBL producing E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Thonningia sanguinea, ESBL producing strains; E. coli > Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6 (3) 2007: pp. 779-78

First molecular investigation of capsular serotyping and hypervirulent (hvlp) of K. Pneumoniae in university hospital center of yopougon cote d'ivoire

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a well known human pathogen. Although infectious in most nosocomial infections with a high level of resistance, capsular types and circulating hypervirulent strains in our context are not documented. The aims of this study are to identify capsular serotypes and hypervirulent strains circulating at the Yopougon University Hospital in Abidjan. 51 strains of Klebsiella were collected at Chu de Yopougon. The capsular serotypes were determined using PCR and the serotypes K1, K2 and K5 were searched. The hypervirulent strains were also investigated by PCR and by string test. The predominant serotypes were non-K1 / K2 (46/51, 90%). The serotypes found K5 and K2 in (4/51, 7.8%) and (1/51; 1.9%) respectively. The rmpA gene linked to hyperviscosity or hyperviscosity was not found although 25.5% (12/51) were positive for the stretch test. The capsular distribution of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae seems different from Asian authors. The determination of non-K1non types K2 remains to be elucidated.Keyvords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, capsular serotype - hypervirulencePremiere etude d’investigation moleculaire de serotypage capsulaire et de gene d’hypervirence de klebsiella pneumniae au laboratoire du chu de yopougon en cote d’ivoireKlebsiella pneumoniae est un pathogène nosocomial humain bien connu. Bien qu’incriminé dans la plus part des infections nosocomiales avec un niveau élevé de résistance, les types capsulaires et les souches hypervirulentes circulantes dans notre contexte ne sont pas documentés. L’objectif de cette étude est d'identifier les sérotypes capsulaires et les souches hypervirulentes circulant au CHU de Yopougon Abidjan., 51 souches de Klebsiella ont été collectés au Chu de Yopougon. Les sérotypes capsulaires ont été déterminée à l’aide de la PCR et les sérotypes K1, K2 et K5 ont été recherchés. Les souches hypervirulentes ont été recherchées également par PCR et par le test d’étirement ou string test. Les sérotypes prédominants étaient les non K1/K2 (46/51; 90%). Les sérotypes retrouvés K5 et K2 dans respectivement (4/51; 7,8%) et (1/51 ; 1,9%). Le gène rmpA lié à l’hyperviscosité n’a pas été retrouvé bien que 25,5% (12/51) étaient positives au test d’étirement. La distribution capsulaire des souches de Klebsiella pneumoniae semble différente des auteurs asiatiques. D’ou l’intérêt de travaux plus approfondies afin de déterminer les types capsulaire des souches non K1 non K2.Mots clefs : Klebsiella pneumoniae – serotype capsulaire – Hypervirulenc

Evaluation in vitro de l’activité des écorces de tige de Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae) sur des bactéries responsables de maladies courantes en Afrique et criblage phytochimique

Les bactéries sont à l’origine de réel problème de santé publique à cause de leur implication dans de nombreuses maladies. Leur résistance aux antibiotiques est devenue l’un des problèmes les plus importants dans la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses dans le monde. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer l’activité antibactérienne des extraits hexanique, méthanolique 70% (v/v) et aqueux des écorces de tige de Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae), une plante médicinale de la flore ivoirienne, contre les bactéries des genres Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas et les entérobactéries (Shigella sp., Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli et Proteus mirabilis) par la méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé dans des cupules et la méthode de macro-dilution en milieu liquide . Les extraits aqueux et méthanolique 70% (v/v) ont été retenus pour la détermination des paramètres antibactériens (CMI et CMB), en raison de leurs activités sur l’ensemble des bactéries sélectionnées. Par ailleurs, une analyse qualitative par chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM), effectuée sur les différents extraits, a permis de détecter plusieurs groupes de composés chimiques parmi lesquels les saponosides, les tanins, les flavonoïdes, les polyphénols, les alcaloïdes et les sesquiterpènes dont des effets antibactériens sont connus. Les CMI obtenues, sont comprises entre 0,7 ± 0,0 et 12,5 ± 0,0 mg/ml. Quant aux CMB, elles varient de 3,1 ± 0,0 à 25,0 ± 0,0 mg/ml. Ce travail justifie l’utilisation traditionnelle de Anogeissus leiocarpus dans le traitement de diverses pathologies et plus particulièrement celles d’origine bactérienne.Mots clés : Antibactérienne, Anogeissus leiocarpus, flore ivoirienne, analyse qualitative

Antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Objective: To determine the frequency of extended-spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) and other antibioticsresistant bacteria in urinary tract isolates.Study Design: prospective and experimental study.Methodology: Place and duration of study :YalgadoOuedraogo University Hospital Center, Charles De Gaulle Pediatric Hospital Center, Saint Camille Hospital and National Public Health Laboratory, Ouagadougou, from November 2014 to October 2015.AllEnterobacteriaceaestrains isolated from urinary samples of patients were identifiedusing API 20E chemical gallery (BioMerieux, France). All strains were subjected to an array of 14 antibiotics to study their drug susceptibility by using Kirby- Baeurdisk diffusion method. Detection of ESBL was carried out by double disk diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was performed by Microsoft Excel and Anova one-way GrapPad Prism version 5.01. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to determine significance. A p˂ 0.05was considered to be statistically significant.Results: A total of 324 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were identified during the study period, including211(65%) E. coli, 75 (23%)Klebsiella spp., 18 (6%) Enterobacter spp., 11 (3%)Proteus spp., 5 (2%) Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. 3 (1%).All the clinical isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Resistance to amikacinwas 14% (45/324); gentamicin 54% (175/324); tobramycin 58% (187/324); nalidixic acid 72% (234/324),ciprofloxacin 63% (204/324) and to cotrimoxazole 83% (269/324).The overall rate of the EBSL producing strains was 35% (114/324). Their susceptibility to antibiotics was (imipenem,amikacin, cefoxitin and fosfomycin) 100% (114/114), 93% (106/114), 74% (84/114) and 84% (96/114) respectively. ESBL positivity within individual organism group was highest inEscherichia coli 64% (73/324) followed byKlebsiellaspp. 28% (32/324), Enterobacterspp. 3% (4/324), Proteus spp. and Citrobacterspp. 2% (2/324).Conclusion: The results showeda high frequency of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaspp. The data points to theneed of routine detection and surveillance of ESBL producing bacteria in Burkina Faso.Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Enterobacteriaceae, Urine, Burkina Fas

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Lettuce and Irrigation Water in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Background: Enterococcus spp., belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria, are Gram-positive ubiquitous commensals of the intestines of human beings as well as warmblooded animals. The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from lettuce and irrigation water in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: A total of 72 samples, including leaves of lettuce (n=36) and irrigation water (n=36) were randomly collected from three different agricultural sites located in Abidjan city, Côte d'Ivoire. After microbial analysis and identification of Enterococcus spp. by culturing and biochemical methods, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed by statistical processing software R (R 3.0 for Windows). Results: E. faecalis was recognized as the most prevalent strain which was found in 27 out of 36 (75%) lettuce as well as 29 out of 36 (80.5%) irrigation water samples. The mean Enterococcus load of lettuces and irrigation water samples were 2.3±0.7 and 3.6±2 log Colony Forming Unit per g lettuce, respectively. Among 45 studied enterococci isolates, the most antibiotic-resistance rates were related to erythromycin (54%) and also co-trimoxazole (49%). Conclusion: There is a considerable public health concern regarding raw consumption of lettuce cultivated in Abidjan city which can cause gastroenteritis diseases in consumers

Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA)

Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs