Assessment of Factors Affecting Sales Volume: A Case Study of Mesfin Industrial Engineering PLC

This project paper entitled “Assessment of Factors Affecting Sales Volume: A Case Study of Mesfin industrial engineering PLC” has been formulated by five leading research questions. The objective of this study is to assess the internal and external environmental factors affecting sales volume of Mesfin Industrial Engineering PLC. Taking this view in to account, the internal factors like price, product quality, place, and promotion mix elements, level of inventory of MIE has been discussed. In addition to this, the external environmental factors like natural, economical, technological, political-legal ,and the nature of competition in the market have been assessed &described and also the way these factors are affecting the company has been described. Further more, the sales trend of the company and the type of promotion tools that company employ have been assessed. Finally, based on the findings, some suggestions on how to improve the existing situation have been forwarded. This study was conducted using the case study method in the form of descriptive research. To carry out this study both primary and secondary data have been used. For the theoretical foundation and analysis, the existing literatures were investigated. To collect the primary data from the customers of the company, questionnaire has been employed. In addition to this, an interview was conducted face-to-face and questions were asked according to the interview schedule. It was carried out in the form of discussion with the sales division manager and the general manager of the company. For the purpose of this study both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained. The quantitative data were analyzed using different types of descriptive statistics by applying Microsoft Excel where as qualitative data were analyzed qualitatively .The major findings that the researcher has come up with are poor delivery, no close proximity with suppliers of raw materials, no sales professionals, absence of adequate training to sales persons and higher price. Further more, the company employees advertising as a method of promotion tool where as sales promotion and public relation are not extensively used. Personal selling as a promotional tool is not well used and nothing has been done on this area. The company’s sales volume was fluctuating for the last eight years due to longer lead time, interruption of electric power, lack of order from customers and shortage of raw materials. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher has put valuable recommendations on what the company should do to improve its existing conditions and to play a great role in the metal manufacturing industry

Comparison of Supplementing Urea-Molasses Block and Urea-Atela Blocks on Body Weight Change and Carcass Characteristics of Male Blackhead Ogaden Sheep Fed Natural Pasture Hay

The experiment consisted of ninety days of feeding trial, followed by evaluation of carcass parameters at the end of the experiment with the objectives of the study were (a) to evaluate body weight change and carcass0 characteristics of male black head ogaden sheep fed natural pasture hay (b) economic feasibility of supplementing block made from molasses versus block made from atela were also compared. the treatments consisted feeding of urea-molasses block ad libitum (50% of molasses: 23% wheat bran: 9% urea: 12% cement: 6% salt, T1), urea-atela block adlibitum (30% atela: 43% wheat bran: 9% urea: 12% cement: 6% salt, T2), urea-atela block ad libitum  (40% atela: 33% wheat bran: 9% urea: 12% cement: 6% salt, T3) urea-atela block ad libitum (50% atela:23% wheat bran:9% urea:12% cement :6% salt, T4). Two kg block per week per head was given to each experimental animal. Supplementation with urea-atela block, consisting higher amount of wheat bran (T2) had significantly (P<0.001) higher daily weight gain (55.5±2.2), DM (600.45 ± 8.7) g and nutrient intakes (CP=104.2 ± 3.2) than Urea-molasses block. Keywords: black head ogaden sheep, body-weight gain, carcass characteristics, urea-atela block, urea-molasses block

The Effect of Tax Incentive on Domestic Investment in Ethiopia: ARDL Approach

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of tax incentive for domestic private investment over the period 1982 to 2017. The study adopts quantitative method and descriptive design of research respectively. To this end, secondary data have been collected from pertinent government authorities and World Bank. Descriptive statistical analysis has been used to analyze the trends of domestic investment, tax revenue and tax incentive of Ethiopia. For analysis of inferential statistics of time series data Autoregressive distribution lag approach to co-integration and error correction model are applied to investigate the long-run and the short-run relationship between the dependent variable (domestic investment) and the explanatory variables. Due to adoption of tax incentives; there was an incremental trend of domestic investment in the study period, but has no consistent growth trend. In the long run tax incentives have a positive significant impact effect on domestic investment at five percent. A one percent change in tax incentive brought 1.401 percent change in domestic investment in Ethiopia. The finding implies domestic investment has been stimulated through tax incentives complemented with sustainable economic growth, basic infrastructures and social overheads and improved and globally inclusive market. The study basically recommends that the government of Ethiopia should approve implementation of critical and periodically cost- benefit effective tax incentive with good access of market, basic infrastructure and sustainable economy to boost domestic investment. Keywords: Tax Incentive, Domestic Investment, Ethiopia, ARDL DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-5-06 Publication date:March 31st 202

Importance of Integrating Beekeeping with Closure Areas in Ethiopia: Status and Future Prospects

The review was conducted to assess the importance, status and prospects of beekeeping integrated with protected area in Ethiopia. The wide climatic and edaphic variability have endowed Ethiopia with diverse and unique flowering plant that is highly suitable for sustaining a large number of bee colonies and the long established practice of beekeeping. The Government has recently focused the need to develop apiculture as one of the strategies to reduce poverty and to diversify national exports. Apiculture plays a significant role in generating additional cash income to millions of farmer beekeepers in the rural areas and to the national economy of the country.  Honeybees and flowering plants have a well developed system of interdependence. However, the rich biodiversity of Ethiopia is under serious threat from deforestation and land degradation, overexploitation, overgrazing, habitat loss. The trend of beekeeping in relation to protected area is still slightly increased but it is under threaten. Therefore, there should be strong integration between beekeeping and area closures because area closures are of priceless ecological values. Keywords: Beekeeping, Closure areas, Trends, Statu

Comparison of Supplementing Urea-Molasses Blockand Urea-Atela Blocks on Feed Intake and Digestibility of Male Blackhead Ogaden Sheep Fed Natural Pasture Hay

The experiment consisted of ninety days of feeding trial and seven days of digestibility trial at the end of the experiment with the objectives of the study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of supplementation with urea molasses block and urea-atela blocks on feed intake (b) digestibility of male black head ogaden sheep fed natural pasture hay (c) the physical and nutritional quality of the feed blocks and the economic feasibility of supplementing block made from molasses versus block made from atela were also compared. the treatments consisted feeding of urea-molasses block ad libitum (50% of molasses: 23% wheat bran: 9% urea: 12% cement: 6% salt, T1), urea-atela block adlibitum (30% atela: 43% wheat bran: 9% urea: 12% cement: 6% salt, T2), urea-atela block ad libitum  (40% atela: 33% wheat bran: 9% urea: 12% cement: 6% salt, T3) urea-atela block ad libitum (50% atela:23% wheat bran:9% urea:12% cement :6% salt, T4). Two kg block per week per head was given to each experimental animal.Supplementation with urea-atela block, consisting higher amount of wheat bran (T2) had significantly (P<0.001) higher nutrient intakes (CP=104.2 ± 3.2) than Urea-molasses block. Supplementation with T2 diet has also significantly (P<0.001) higher apparent digestibility of DM (69 ± 0.007), OM (63.2 ± 0.007) and CP (82.2 ± 0.01) than urea-molasses block. Keywords: black head ogaden sheep, digestibility, feed intake, urea-atela block, urea-molasses bloc

Application of chemometric methods to resolve intermediates formed during photo- catalytic degradation of methyl orange and textile wastewater from Ethiopia

The efficiency of two catalysts (TiO2 and TiO2 supported on zeolite) for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye and wastewaters from Ethiopian textile industry was evaluated by chemometric methods from UV/Vis data of the reaction mixtures at different times. Multivariate curve resolution statistical analysis combined with an alternating least squares algorithm (MCR-ALS) proved to be an efficient method to resolve the different intermediates present during the photocatalytic degradation of the pollutants and to provide information about their evolution with time. Methyl orange photodegradation at pH = 3 showed different intermediate and concentration profiles than at pH = 6. The evolution of intermediates from textile wastewater photodegradation could also be resolved by this method. From the concentration profile or the reactants, a kinetic study was done. Results revealed that all the photodegradation reactions followed a first order kinetics. When TiO2 supported in Zeolite is used, reactions are in general slower, probably due to a mechanism of adsorption/desorption.               KEY WORDS: Chemometrics, Dye photodegradation, Wastewater, MCR-ALS, Methyl Orange Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2017, 31(2), 223-232.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v31i2.4 

Augmenting pedestrian navigation systems with context-aware display of POIs

Treball de Final de Màster Universitari Erasmus Mundus en Tecnologia Geoespacial (Pla de 2013). Codi: SIW013. Curs acadèmic 2016-2017Nowadays, pedestrian often relies on automated navigation systems to find their way in an unfamiliar environment at the expense of increasingly degrading one’s spatial knowledge and surrounding environment interaction. The reason for this is that because pedestrians are not required to solve spatial tasks along the route, they just depend on the abilities of the system, despite the fact that mental maps are built up from observations gathered during travel and direct interaction with the environment. This research investigated the augmentation of Google Maps turn-by-turn (TbT) pedestrian navigation system with context-aware visualization of the point of interests (POIs) along the path to enhance surrounding environment interaction and spatial knowledge of pedestrian. We conducted an experiment with six participant’s using a prototype application with and without dynamic visualization of POIs to evaluate its effect on participant’s spatial knowledge and interaction with the surrounding environment. Results suggested that participant’s using a prototype application augmented with a context-aware display of POIs showed better spatial iii knowledge and surrounding environment interaction compared to participant’s who use a prototype application without context-aware display of POIs

Assessment of Productive and Reproductive Performances of Cross Breed Dairycows in Debre tabor town

The study was carried the overall objective to assess the productive and reproductive performances of crossbreed dairy cows in five small holder farm in Debre tabor town. Data were gathered by interviewed the owners of the farms. A descriptive statically tools was used to analyze the data. As 80% of the respondent reviled those cows were producing milk more than 10iitters per day and a lactation length average of 9 months. Furthermore, 60%of the respondents  reviled that the calving interval for their cows were  between 1.0-1.3 years and also 40%of the respondents reviled that their cows came to heat 2-3months post calving.80%of the respondents was reviled that age at first calving was 2.5-3 years. Whereas 20%of the respondents respond that their cows have calved up to 2.1 year. Based on the result obtained it is recommended that awareness about Artificial insemination should be created, in addition to management to improve reproduction and production performance of dairy cows. Keywords: dairy cows, productive performance, reproductive performanc

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation