Cinquante ans après l'appel de l'abbé Pierre, une nouvelle crise du logement populaire en France

The built of state-subsidized apartments lived, in France, “a golden age” between 1946 and 1975. In the eighties the “aid to the brick” shifted to the “aid to the people”, and in the nineties the production of houses gets stabilized around 310.000 apartments per year. Nevertheless, with the new century, the political objective of “social mixture” is completely assumed by institutions. The article denounces the contradiction between this objective and the politics of property access, promoted by all the French governments for nearly a century, this contradiction is neatly manifested in the formation of Ghettos in the state-subsidized housing areas.La construcción de vivienda social en Francia tuvo una “edad de oro” entre 1946 y 1975. En los años ochenta, la “ayuda a la piedra” cede terreno frente a la “ayuda a las personas” y, en los años noventa, la producción de viviendas se estabiliza en torno a 310.000 viviendas por año. Sin embargo, en el cambio de siglo se institucionaliza en Francia el objetivo político de “mixticidad social”. El artículo denuncia la contradicción entre este objetivo y las políticas de “acceso a la propiedad” sostenidas por todos los gobiernos franceses durante casi un siglo, contradicción que se manifiesta en la formación de ghettos en los conjuntos de vivienda social

Sobre los orígenes del movimiento de las Ciudades-Jardines en Europa

This text collects a brief but very efficient synthesis about the ideas and contexts which, kept a very close relationship with the birth of the garden-cities all over Europe and in each of its countries. The itinerary proposed in this article, full of suggestions, follows the advance of the 'gospel' of the Garden-City. It begins in Germany, France and The Netherlands and continues with the countries which joined the movement after the First World War: Switzerland, Belgiun and Spain.El texto recoge una síntesis breve pero muy eficaz de las ideas y contextos que, en toda Europa y en cada país del continente, guardaron relación directa con el nacimiento de las ciudades jardines. El recorrido propuesto en este artículo lleno de sugerencias sigue el avance del “evangelio” de la ciudad-jardín: comienza por Alemania, Francia y Países Bajos y continúa por los países adheridos al movimiento tras la guerra de 1914: Suiza, Bélgica y España

The opposite of Dante's hell? The transfer of ideas for social housing at international congresses in the 1850s–1860s

With the advent of industrialization, the question of developing adequate housing for the emergent working classes became more pressing than before. Moreover, the problem of unhygienic houses in industrial cities did not stop at the borders of a particular nation-state; sometimes literally as pandemic diseases spread out 'transnationally'. It is not a coincidence that in the nineteenth century the number of international congresses on hygiene and social topics expanded substantially. However, the historiography about social policy in general and social housing in particular, has often focused on individual cases because of the different pace of industrial and urban development and is thus dominated by national perspectives. In this paper, I elaborate on transnational exchange processes and local adaptations and transformations. I focus on the transfer of the housing model of SOMCO in Mulhouse, (a French house building association) during social international congresses. I examine whether cross-national networking enabled and facilitated the implementation of ideas on the local scale. I will elaborate on the transmission and the local adaptation of the Mulhouse-model in Belgium. Convergences, divergences, and different factors that influenced the local transformations (personal choice, political situation, socioeconomic circumstances) will be taken into accoun

Cascade oxime formation, cyclization to a nitrone, and intermolecular dipolar cycloaddition.

Simple haloaldehydes, including enolisable aldehydes, were found to be suitable for the formation of cyclic products by cascade (domino) condensation, cyclisation, dipolar cycloaddition chemistry. This multi-component reaction approach to heterocyclic compounds was explored by using hydroxylamine, a selection of aldehydes, and a selection of activated dipolarophiles. Initial condensation gives intermediate oximes that undergo cyclisation with displacement of halide to give intermediate nitrones; these nitrones undergo in situ intermolecular dipolar cycloaddition reactions to give isoxazolidines. The cycloadducts from using dimethyl fumarate were treated with zinc/acetic acid to give lactam products and this provides an easy way to prepare pyrrolizinones, indolizinones, and pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolinones. The chemistry is illustrated with a very short synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid macronecine and a formal synthesis of petasinecine

Territorio, lugares y salud : redimensionar lo espacial en salud pública

RESUMEN: El propósito de este escrito es avanzar en la lectura del proceso de salud-enfermedad en clave territorial. La teorización sobre el vínculo salud y ambiente debe extenderse desde las tipologías médicas, y su énfasis en la distribución del riesgos ambientales (físico, biológico, químico), hacia el reconocimiento de la producción social y subjetiva de los territorios. Para avanzar en esta teorización la salud pública debe enriquecerse con la integración de nociones propias de las ciencias sociales como la apropiación del espacio, territorio-territorialidades y lugares. Además, ha de orientarse desde una mirada escalar hacia los microterritorios, pues es en el escenario de los territorios locales y en los lugares cotidianos de la vida, donde se concretan los modos de vivir, de enfermar y de construir salud

Pratos e mais pratos: louças domésticas, divisões culturais e limites sociais no Rio de Janeiro, século XIX

Reply to ten comments on a paper published in the last issue of this journal. The discussion follows along six main lines: History museums, identity, ideology and the category of nation; the need of material collections and their modalities: patrimonial, operational, virtual; theater versus laboratory; visitors and their ambiguities; Public History: the museum and the academy.Resposta aos comentários de dez especialistas que contribuíram no debate de texto publicado no último número desta revista. A discussão orientou-se segundo seis tópicos principais: museus históricos, identidade, ideologia e a categoria de nação; a necessidade de acervos materiais e suas modalidades: acervo patrimonial, operacional, virtual; teatro versus laboratório; o público e suas ambigüidades; História Pública: o museu e a Academia

Les avatars des soins hydriques en France

« Misadventure of bath and hygienic care in France. » History of bath and hygienic care in France reveals social and moral attitude. In the Middle Age, dirtiness constraints people to frequent baths. But fright of syphilitic contagion by water has soon imposed « dry washing » which continue until 1789. The industrial society coming has at long permitted the advent of flowing water into habitation. Its easy using has however been long to diffuse : the upper class mistrusts body care. With the public health specialists f action, this attitude finally changed. Bathroom into each habitation is now in western society a norm and an obligation.L'histoire des soins hydriques en France révèle une structure sociale et morale. Au Moyen Âge, la saleté permanente contraint à se laver souvent. Mais bientôt la peur de la contagion syphilitique par l'eau va imposer la « toilette sèche », qui durera jusqu'en 1789. Avec l'avènement de la société industrielle permettant l'introduction de l'eau dans toutes les habitations, son usage facile tarde cependant à se répandre : la classe dominante se méfie des exigences du corps. Les hygiénistes finiront par changer cette attitude de réserve. L'obligation d'une salle de bains par logement constitue un précepte essentiel de la morale sociale de l'Occident.Guerrand Roger-Henri. Les avatars des soins hydriques en France. In: Communications, 73, 2002. Manières d'habiter, sous la direction de Philippe Bonnin. pp. 113-123