Reutilización para alimentación humana de los desechos de pan en industria y distribución

Food waste or food loss is recognised as a serious threat to food security, the economy and the environment and has a direct influence on decreasing the availability of edible food along the human food chain. In the world of cereals, waste has a strong relationship with supermarkets and industry, mainly in products that have not had contact with the final consumer. According to the EU there is a preference to dispose of waste first with the intention of reintegrating it into the human food chain. In recent years the increasing demand for research on the reintegration of food into the food chain has led to a growing literature, however, considering the waste of bread, few studies are found and they focus on non-food use and without clarifying how this new ingredient works or its characterisation in a more complete way. The intention of this thesis is to study the characteristics and possibilities of discarded bread waste that has not had contact with the final consumer, to try to understand the functionality and possibility of reintroduction of this food and in which types of products.El desperdicio o pérdida de alimentos se reconocen como una grave amenaza para la seguridad alimentaria, la economía y el medio ambiente y tiene influencia directa a la disminución de la disponibilidad de alimentos comestibles a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria humana. En el mundo de los cereales, el desperdicio tiene una gran relación con los supermercados y la industria, principalmente en los productos que no han tenido contacto con el consumidor final. De acuerdo con la UE hay una preferencia en destinar los residuos en primer lugar con la intención de reintegrarlos en la cadena alimentaria humana. En los últimos años la creciente demanda de investigación sobre la reintegración de alimentos en la cadena alimentaria ha hecho que aumente la bibliografía, sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta el desperdicio de pan, se encuentran pocos estudios y se centran en el uso no alimentario y sin aclarar cómo funciona este nuevo ingrediente o su caracterización de forma más completa. La intención de esta tesis es estudiar las características y posibilidades de los residuos de pan desechado que no han tenido contacto con el consumidor final, para tratar de entender la funcionalidad y posibilidad de reintroducción de este alimento y en qué tipos de productos.Escuela de DoctoradoDoctorado en Ciencia e Ingeniería Agroalimentaria y de Biosistema

The nursing work at an burn center: psychosocial risks

Objective: aimed both at identifying psychosocial risks and rewards in the nursing work at a burn center and checking its possible association with occupational stress. Method: An exploratory quantitative and descriptive research piece of research. Data were collected through closed questionnaires on effort and reward in the work. Thirty seven nursing workers from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro district in 2013 took part in it. Results: The psychosocial risks pointed by the group cause occupational stress according to some of them: time pressure, interruptions, a lot of responsibility in the work and physically demanding. The rewards were the respect of superiors and colleagues, adequate support in difficult situations and fairly treated. Conclusions: Conclusions show that it is necessary to diagnose and monitor the risks in the work as well as strengthen the rewards to minimize occupational stress and promote the physical and mental health of the group

Latin American interventions in children and adolescents’ sedentary behavior: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE: To identify and evaluate the effects of community-based interventions on the sedentary behavior (SB) of Latin American children and adolescents. METHODS: A systematic review on community-based trials to reduce and/or control SB in Latin American countries (Prospero: CRD42017072157). Five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO and Lilacs) and a reference lists were searched. RESULTS: Ten intervention studies met the eligibility criteria and composed the descriptive synthesis. These studies were conducted in Brazil (n=5), Mexico (n=3), Ecuador (n=1) and Colombia (n=1). Most interventions were implemented in schools (n=8) by educational components, such as meetings, lessons, and seminars, on health-related subjects (n=6). Only two studies adopted specific strategies to reduce/control SB; others focused on increasing physical activity and/or improving diet. Only one study used an accelerometer to measure SB. Seven studies investigated recreational screen time. Eight studies showed statistically significant effects on SB reduction (80%). CONCLUSIONS: Latin America community-based interventions reduced children and adolescents’ SB. Further studies should: define SB as a primary outcome and implement strategies to reduce such behaviour; focus in different SBs and settings, other than recreational screen time or at-home sitting time; and use objective tools together with questionnaires to measure sedentary behaviour in

Alisamentos capilares: uma proposta para aulas de química do ensino médio

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Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi : rare enough to be neglected?

In the Brazilian Amazon, American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is endemic and presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations due, in part, to the circulation of at least seven Leishmaniaspecies. Few reports of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffiinfection suggest that its occurrence is uncommon and the reported cases present a benign clinical course and a good response to treatment. This study aimed to strengthen the clinical and epidemiological importance of L. (V.) naiffiin the Amazon Region (Manaus, state of Amazonas) and to report therapeutic failure in patients infected with this species. Thirty Leishmania spp samples isolated from cutaneous lesions were characterised by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. As expected, the most common species was Leishmania (V.) guyanensis (20 cases). However, a relevant number ofL. (V.) naiffi patients (8 cases) was observed, thus demonstrating that this species is not uncommon in the region. No patient infected withL. (V.) naiffievolved to spontaneous cure until the start of treatment, which indicated that this species may not have a self-limiting nature. In addition, two of the patients experienced a poor response to antimonial or pentamidine therapy. Thus, either ATL cases due to L. (V.) naifficannot be as uncommon as previously thought or this species is currently expanding in this region

A visão do envelhecimento, da velhice e do idoso veiculada por livros infanto-juvenis

Este estudo, de abordagem qualitativa e tipo descritivo-exploratório, analisa a visão do envelhecimento veiculada por livros infanto-juvenis. O caminho metodológico foi permeado pela seleção, aquisição e análise, utilizando-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo categorial por temática, de livros nacionais recomendados pelo Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola (PNBE), publicados entre 2003 e 2012, tendo em seu enredo a menção ao idoso e/ou à velhice e/ou ao envelhecimento de seres humanos. Identificaram-se duas grandes categorias temáticas, compostas por subcategorias: 1) aspectos biológicos na velhice, com as subcategorias senescência versus senilidade e mitos relacionados aos aspectos físicos dos idosos; e 2) aspectos psicossociais na velhice, com as subcategorias conhecimento e experiência de vida do idoso, intergeracionalidade, autorrealização na velhice, isolamento social, mitos relacionados à velhice e morte na velhice. Os resultados procuram contribuir para uma melhor utilização dos livros infanto-juvenis no processo educativo a respeito do tema envelhecimento, não só em termos de cidadania e civilidade como também em termos de educação em saúde

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt