Participação masculina no abortamento induzido

Introdução: O aborto é o produto da concepção eliminado no abortamento. A decisão em abortar evidencia a não realização de planejamento reprodutivo, a violência doméstica, o abandono paterno e a escassez e/ou oferta de meios econômicos. Objetivo: Analisar como os homens participam do processo de abortamento induzido. Metodologia: Estudo de campo com abordagem qualitativa exploratória, realizada na zona rural do município de Antônio Gonçalves, Bahia. Por meio da técnica snowball, cinco pessoas foram entrevistadas e as narrativas foram processadas pelo Software IRAMUTEQ que gerou a Análise de Similitude. Resultados: Expressa-se a participação ativa e a influência decisiva dos homens no processo de abortamento induzido, por meio da oferta de método abortivo, da negação da paternidade e do abandono da parceira. Conclusão: O desamparo e a perda da autonomia da mulher em decidir sobre a continuidade da sua gestação torna essencial a elaboração de políticas públicas que incluam, cada vez mais, o homem no cenário reprodutivo. A abordagem dessa temática deve ser realizada de modo constante, nos espaços públicos e privados, pois somente o debate acerca da temática poderá contribuir no processo de humanização.AbstractIntroduction: Abortion is the product of conception eliminated in abortion. The decision to abort highlights the failure to carry out reproductive planning, domestic violence, parental abandonment, and the scarcity and/or supply of economic means. Objective: To analyze how men participate in the induced abortion process. Methodology: field study with exploratory qualitative approach, carried out in the rural area of   the city of Antônio Gonçalves, Bahia. Through the snowball technique, five people were interviewed and the narratives were processed by the IRAMUTEQ Software that generated the Similitude Analysis. Results: The active participation and decisive influence of men in the induced abortion process is expressed through the offer of abortion method, the denial of paternity and the abandonment of the partner. Conclusion: The helplessness and loss of women’s autonomy in deciding on the continuity of their pregnancy makes it essential to develop public policies that increasingly include men in the reproductive scenario. The approach of this theme must be performed constantly, in public and private spaces, because only the debate about the theme can contribute to the process of humanization

Uso da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica no tratamento da síndrome de fournier / Use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of fournier syndrome

1 INTRODUÇÃOA Síndrome ou Gangrena de Fournier é uma fasciíte necrosante por infecção polimicrobiana que acomete as regiões perineal e genital. Por meio da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, aumenta-se o transporte de oxigênio e sua disponibilidade, alterando a capacidade de cicatrização em um paciente com Fournier.2 MÉTODOSTrata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura que visa identificar os benefícios do uso da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (OHB) no tratamento da Síndrome de Fournier (SF). Foram utilizadas as bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Google Acadêmico.  Os descritores foram "Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica", ‘’Tratamento’’, ‘’Síndrome de Fournier", “Gangrena de Fournier’’. 3 DISCUSSÃOA SF é rara e, geralmente, de etiologia polimicrobiana: por meio da produção de heparinases, ocorre endarterite obliterante, seguida de isquemia e de trombose dos vasos subcutâneos, com subsequente necrose da pele e do tecido celular subcutâneo adjacente. É mais prevalente em homens, entre a segunda e a sexta década de vida e com comorbidades associadas. Diante da alta taxa de morbi-mortalidade, é fundamental que ocorra diagnóstico precoce associado a tratamento efetivo e individualizado. O mecanismo terapêutico da OHB baseia-se, além no estímulo da síntese de colágeno, da angiogênese, da epitelização e da resistência a bactérias, no aumento do transporte de oxigênio plasmático e na sua disponibilidade tecidual. De acordo com a literatura, considerando a hipóxia tecidual e o mecanismo fisiopatológico de Fournier, a OHB é benéfica como tratamento adicional para os pacientes portadores da síndrome, principalmente no que refere-se a capacidade de cicatrização. Mehl et al 2010 desenvolveu um estudo sobre o manejo da SF no Hospital Universitário de Curitiba, onde 26 de 40 pacientes submeteram-se à terapia hiperbárica. A mortalidade global encontrada no estudo foi de 20%. Porém, para os pacientes que associaram câmara hiperbárica ao tratamento clínico-cirúrgico, o índice de mortalidade foi de 11,5%. Assim, a OHB é um fator adjuvante na busca de melhor conduta terapêutica. 4 CONCLUSÃOAo conhecer o alto índice de morbimortalidade, o manejo de pacientes portadores da síndrome de Fournier constitui um desafio na prática clínica. Assim, faz-se necessário o reconhecimento precoce da infecção com objetivo de diminuição da progressão da gangrena. Vale ressaltar a importância da utilização do tratamento clássico associado à medidas adjuvantes, como o uso da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, a fim de melhor prognóstico e melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente

O retorno do sarampo e a importância do reconhecimento dos achados semiológicos / The return of measles and the importance of recognizing semiological findings

1 INTRODUÇÃOO Sarampo é uma doença infectocontagiosa de etiologia viral, com maior incidência em crianças entre 6 meses e 4 anos e registro similar para ambos os sexos. O atual cenário epidemiológico do Brasil reforça a necessidade da rápida identificação do quadro para tratamento e prevenção de complicações. 2 MÉTODOSTrata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura que visa identificar, diante do atual cenário epidemiológico, os principais achados semiológicos do sarampo. Foram utilizadas plataformas PubMed, Scielo, Ministério da Saúde, Organização Mundial de Saúde, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e Google Acadêmico. Utilizou-se os termos: sarampo, achados semiológicos, vacinação e retorno.  3 DISCUSSÃONo ano de 2016, o Brasil foi considerado livre do sarampo. Contudo, em 2018, notou-se uma mudança no cenário epidemiológico: 737 casos notificados, sobretudo na região Norte; justificada pela chegada de imigrantes de países com situação socioeconômica vulnerável, sem política de vacinação bem estabelecida, além pelos movimentos anti-vacina. Assim, é importante o reconhecimento do quadro clínico para diagnóstico e prevenção das complicações como otite média aguda e pneumonia. O vírus do sarampo dissemina-se por via oral e, após o período de incubação, a clínica divide-se em: fase catarral, exantemática e descamativa. A fase catarral é caracterizada por sintomas como rinorréia, espirros e conjuntivite, com pródromos de cefaléia, mialgias e febre alta. Surgem, na mucosa oral, lesões patognômicas do sarampo: manchas de Koplik, as quais desaparecem após o início do exantema. Na fase exantemática, ocorre febre elevada e rash maculopapular eritematoso, de caráter crânio caudal. Na fase descamativa, os sintomas diminuem, pode ocorrer escurecimento e descamação do exantema. O diagnóstico baseia-se na suspeita de sarampo ou em indivíduos com rash cutâneo e febre alta; é fundamentalmente clínico em associação a sorologia viral. Não há tratamento específico para o sarampo e a prevenção se dá pela vacina Tríplice Viral, que também protege caxumba e rubéola. 4 CONCLUSÃOAo reconhecer o atual cenário, explicita-se a necessidade de muitos avanços na assistência em saúde. Na busca de soluções, além do rápido reconhecimento do quadro clínico, coberturas de vacinação e de vigilância epidemiológica bem estabelecidas são essenciais, mesmo em áreas consideradas livres do vírus. Assim, além das ações de promoção à saúde visarem à interrupção da transmissão, o tratamento e o manejo adequado serão garantidos para que os pacientes sejam protegidos das complicações

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura following CoronaVac vaccination: a case report

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), an autoimmune disorder, has been documented as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a vaccination side effect. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the creation of CoronaVac vaccine and has been widely administered in Brazil. Patient, in the case, is an 82-years-old female who received the vaccine two days before an acute episode of gingivorrhagia and diffuse cutaneous petechiae. Other exams were made to look for other causes of secondary thrombocytopenia and all the results were normal.  The patient showed improvement on the platelet levels three day after the beginning of the treatment with high dosage methylprednisolone.Knowing that other kinds of vaccine can generate ITP, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could be related to the symptoms

70º Aniversario de la declaración universal de derechos humanos. La protección internacional de los Derechos Humanos en cuestión

Segundo volúmen de la Colección Perspectivas Iberoamericanas sobre la justicia. La Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas cumple, el 10 de diciembre de 2018, setenta años. La simbólica fecha obliga a los investigadores en derechos humanos a reflexionar críticamente sobre los avances y límites de un complejo sistema de normas y, sobre todo, de valores culturales sustentados en la matriz liberal occidental. Desde entonces, ha habido indiscutibles avances institucionales y normativos, como la creación del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, varios pactos y declaraciones complementarias, órganos específicos, tribunales internacionales, jurisprudencia, constituciones estatales, una infinidad de instituciones basadas en esta “ética mínima universal” que, contradictoriamente, no logró evitar un conjunto de catástrofes humanitarias y de vulneración de derechos. La primera década del siglo XX trae un reflejo limitante al consenso de la posguerra, pues la agresividad de los Estados hegemónicos, en alianza con intereses privados transnacionales, pone en jaque la capacidad del sistema protector frente a guerras humanitarias e internacionales. tratados económicos de nueva generación aquellos que excluyen por completo a la democracia del proceso de negociación.A Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas completa, em 10 de diciembre de 2018, setenta años. A data simbólica exige dos pesquisadores em direitos humanos uma reflexão crítica a respeito dos avanços y dos limites de um sistema complexo de normas e, principalmente, de valores culturales apoiados na matriz liberal ocidental. De lá para cá, houve indiscutível avanço institucional e normativo, do qual é exemplo a criação do Conselho de Direitos Humanos, diversos pactos e declarações complementarios, órgão específicos, tribunais internacionais, jurisprudência, constituições dos States, uma infinidade de instituições pautadas nesse “mínimo ético universal” que, contraditoriamente, não conseguiu evitar um conjunto de catástrofes humanitárias e de violação de direitos. A primeira década do século XX traz uma reflexão limite para o consenso do pós-guerra, pois a agressividade dos States hegemônicos, em aliança com interesses private transnacionais, põe em check a capacidade do sistema protectivo diante das guerras humanitárias e dos tratados internacionais econômicos de nueva generación aqueles que excluem completamente a democracia do processo negociador

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2) : a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy

Background: Among asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis but no recent stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia, either carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can restore patency and reduce long-term stroke risks. However, from recent national registry data, each option causes about 1% procedural risk of disabling stroke or death. Comparison of their long-term protective effects requires large-scale randomised evidence. Methods: ACST-2 is an international multicentre randomised trial of CAS versus CEA among asymptomatic patients with severe stenosis thought to require intervention, interpreted with all other relevant trials. Patients were eligible if they had severe unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and both doctor and patient agreed that a carotid procedure should be undertaken, but they were substantially uncertain which one to choose. Patients were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA and followed up at 1 month and then annually, for a mean 5 years. Procedural events were those within 30 days of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses are provided. Analyses including procedural hazards use tabular methods. Analyses and meta-analyses of non-procedural strokes use Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN21144362. Findings: Between Jan 15, 2008, and Dec 31, 2020, 3625 patients in 130 centres were randomly allocated, 1811 to CAS and 1814 to CEA, with good compliance, good medical therapy and a mean 5 years of follow-up. Overall, 1% had disabling stroke or death procedurally (15 allocated to CAS and 18 to CEA) and 2% had non-disabling procedural stroke (48 allocated to CAS and 29 to CEA). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year non-procedural stroke were 2·5% in each group for fatal or disabling stroke, and 5·3% with CAS versus 4·5% with CEA for any stroke (rate ratio [RR] 1·16, 95% CI 0·86-1·57; p=0·33). Combining RRs for any non-procedural stroke in all CAS versus CEA trials, the RR was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (overall RR 1·11, 95% CI 0·91-1·32; p=0·21). Interpretation: Serious complications are similarly uncommon after competent CAS and CEA, and the long-term effects of these two carotid artery procedures on fatal or disabling stroke are comparable