Diversidad regional de Amphipoda en el mar Caribe

The order Amphipoda is one of the most diverse within Peracarids, and comprises 6 950 described marine species. Amphipod research in the Caribbean Sea began in the late 1 800s, but has increased significantly since 1 980. In this study, we analized the amphipod biodiversity (Caprellidea, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, and Ingolfiellidea) of the Caribbean Sea. For this, we compiled available data on species diversity of marine amphipods (data bases: WoRMS and OBIS and published species lists) into a comprehensive taxonomic list by country for the ecoregions of the Caribbean. Additionally, we analized the relative contribution of each country to regional diversity and the rate of discovery of new species. The Caribbean amphipod fauna is composed of 535 species within 236 genera and 73 families for the higher taxon. The Western Caribbean ecoregion holds the largest diversity (282 species), while the Eastern Caribbean recorded the lowest one (73). Mexico and Venezuela recorded the largest number of species with 266 and 206, respectively. Twelve countries had less than 50 species. The richest suborder is the Gammaridea with 381 species followed by the suborder Hyperiidea with 116. From the total of 535 amphipod species reported for the Caribbean region, 218 have the Caribbean as the holotype locality, and 132 are endemic (about 25% of the total). Areas of higher diversity seem to be concentrated along the Mexican Caribbean, Cuba and the Northern coast of South America (VenezuelaColombia); however, such pattern is most likely reflecting local collection efforts and taxonomic expertise rather than actual distribution. Knowledge of amphipod species is mostly limited to shallow, near-shore waters, with little information available on the deep sea fauna. Regional research priorities for this group should be focused on completing shallow water coastal inventories of species in Central America and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. In addition, sampling the deep sea ecosystems should follow along with other particular habitats such as anchialine cave systems. It is also neccessary to increase ecological research efforts, mainly in some speciose suborders, including the Caprellidea and Hyperiidea, known to exhibit high diversity in other tropical localities

Uso del triángulo del fraude, para determinar la incidencia del fraude académico en estudiantes

En la literatura académica se han reportado investigaciones para determinar la prevalencia de la deshonestidad académica en grupos de estudiantes de diversos niveles, pero pocas investigaciones intentan desarrollar modelos generales para comprender los motivos subyacentes o las predisposiciones para tal comportamiento. Este estudio pretende proporcionar a los docentes, una herramienta que permita predecir la deshonestidad académica estudiantil.  El estudio desarrollado se basó en una investigación bibliográfica acerca del estado del arte de esta temática y a partir de ello se decidió aplicar el modelo del triángulo del fraude para poder utilizar cada uno de los elementos de este: incentivo, racionalización y oportunidad como posibles predictores del comportamiento fraudulento entre los estudiantes. Se desarrolló y validó un instrumento de recolección de datos, que se aplicó a dos grupos de 40 estudiantes, universitarios y de Instituto tecnológico. Un grupo recibió una conferencia introductoria previa sobre el fraude y en particular sobre los elementos del triángulo del fraude y al otro no se le impartió ningún tipo de información. El estudio demostró que cada uno de los elementos del triángulo de fraude -incentivo, racionalización y oportunidad- son determinantes en el posible fraude académico por parte del estudiante. Se analizaron igualmente los impactos relacionados con género, edad y los posibles determinantes significativos para los grupos de estudiantes considerados. El objetivo general de este documento es determinar que factor del triángulo de fraude es el principal elemento que conlleva a un estudiante a realizar acciones deshonestas a lo largo de su vida estudiantil

Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns

This paper provides an analysis of the distribution patterns of marine biodiversity and summarizes the major activities of the Census of Marine Life program in the Caribbean region. The coastal Caribbean region is a large marine ecosystem (LME) characterized by coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, but including other environments, such as sandy beaches and rocky shores. These tropical ecosystems incorporate a high diversity of associated flora and fauna, and the nations that border the Caribbean collectively encompass a major global marine biodiversity hot spot. We analyze the state of knowledge of marine biodiversity based on the geographic distribution of georeferenced species records and regional taxonomic lists. A total of 12,046 marine species are reported in this paper for the Caribbean region. These include representatives from 31 animal phyla, two plant phyla, one group of Chromista, and three groups of Protoctista. Sampling effort has been greatest in shallow, nearshore waters, where there is relatively good coverage of species records; offshore and deep environments have been less studied. Additionally, we found that the currently accepted classification of marine ecoregions of the Caribbean did not apply for the benthic distributions of five relatively well known taxonomic groups. Coastal species richness tends to concentrate along the Antillean arc (Cuba to the southernmost Antilles) and the northern coast of South America (Venezuela – Colombia), while no pattern can be observed in the deep sea with the available data. Several factors make it impossible to determine the extent to which these distribution patterns accurately reflect the true situation for marine biodiversity in general: (1) highly localized concentrations of collecting effort and a lack of collecting in many areas and ecosystems, (2) high variability among collecting methods, (3) limited taxonomic expertise for many groups, and (4) differing levels of activity in the study of different taxa

Uso del triángulo del fraude, para determinar la incidencia del fraude académico en estudiantes

En la literatura académica se han reportado investigaciones para determinar la prevalencia de la deshonestidad académica en grupos de estudiantes de diversos niveles, pero pocas investigaciones intentan desarrollar modelos generales para comprender los motivos subyacentes o las predisposiciones para tal comportamiento. Este estudio pretende proporcionar a los docentes, una herramienta que permita predecir la deshonestidad académica estudiantil.  El estudio desarrollado se basó en una investigación bibliográfica acerca del estado del arte de esta temática y a partir de ello se decidió aplicar el modelo del triángulo del fraude para poder utilizar cada uno de los elementos de este: incentivo, racionalización y oportunidad como posibles predictores del comportamiento fraudulento entre los estudiantes. Se desarrolló y validó un instrumento de recolección de datos, que se aplicó a dos grupos de 40 estudiantes, universitarios y de Instituto tecnológico. Un grupo recibió una conferencia introductoria previa sobre el fraude y en particular sobre los elementos del triángulo del fraude y al otro no se le impartió ningún tipo de información. El estudio demostró que cada uno de los elementos del triángulo de fraude -incentivo, racionalización y oportunidad- son determinantes en el posible fraude académico por parte del estudiante. Se analizaron igualmente los impactos relacionados con género, edad y los posibles determinantes significativos para los grupos de estudiantes considerados. El objetivo general de este documento es determinar que factor del triángulo de fraude es el principal elemento que conlleva a un estudiante a realizar acciones deshonestas a lo largo de su vida estudiantil

INTERNET CON PLC, POSIBLE SOLUCIÓN A LA FALTA DE COBERTURA EN ZONAS RURALES, CASO DE ESTUDIO LA COMUNIDAD DE COCHASQUÍ

This article deals with the possibility of using power lines to provide internet access to rural communities, specifically in the community of Cochasquí, near Quito. Surveys and interviews were conducted with the residents to determine the use and degree of satisfaction with the internet service they currently have. Internet speed tests were carried out using PLC devices, varying the connection parameters, to determine the ideal configuration of the devices. In addition, a Wi-Fi access speed test was carried out to compare the performance of this type of link. It was found that PLC devices have better performance when there are no electrical bypasses or protection elements between them, that is, when the voltage with which the electrical energy arrives is low or medium. Likewise, it was found that the Internet access speed of the PLC devices, in the best performance configuration, is greater than that of the Wi Fi link, which suggests thinking of this technology as a viable alternative to provide access to Internet to communities far from urban centers, in this case study the community of Cochasqui.El presente artículo trata sobre la posibilidad de utilizar el tendido eléctrico para proveer de acceso a internet a comunidades rurales, específicamente en la comunidad de Cochasquí, cercana a Quito. Se realizaron encuestas y entrevistas a los pobladores para determinar el uso y grado de satisfacción con el servicio de internet que tienen en la actualidad. Se realizaron pruebas de velocidad de internet utilizando dispositivos PLC, variando los parámetros de conexión, para determinar la configuración idónea de los dispositivos. Además, se realizó una prueba de velocidad del acceso Wi Fi, para comparar el desempeño de este tipo de enlace. Se encontró que los dispositivos PLC tienen mejor desempeño cuando no hay derivaciones eléctricas, ni elementos de protección entre ellos, es decir cuando la tensión con la que llega la energía eléctrica es baja o media. Así mismo, se encontró que la velocidad de acceso a internet de los dispositivos PLC, en la configuración de mejor desempeño, es mayor que la del enlace Wi Fi, lo que sugiere pensar en esta tecnología, como una alternativa viable para proveer de acceso a Internet a las comunidades alejadas de los centros urbanos, en este caso de estudio la comunidad de Cochasqui

Prediction of regionalized variables with undetected data: two cases of study

Los datos "no detectados" se encuentran usualmente en el muestreo de variables georreferenciadas en contextos como la exploración de depósitos minerales, el monitoreo ambiental, o el sondeo de depósito de aguas subterráneas, entre otros. Tales datos son "no detectados" porque sus valores están por debajo del límite de detección, o por arriba de la cota máxima, de los instrumentos de medición. Estos datos extremos, cuando no están bien imputados, pueden producir distorsiones significativas en los mapas de contornos que se elaboran con métodos de interpolación. De hecho, si se produce la predicción en sitios con este tipo de datos antes de imputarlos, resultarían valores intermedios, en clara contraposición a la condición de extremo.Non-detected data are usually found in sampling of georeferenced variables in contexts such as mineral deposit exploration, environmental monitoring, and groundwater reservoir among others. Such data are non-detected because their values are below a detection limit or above the maximum detection level of the instrument used to measure. These extreme data, when they are not properly imputed can produce significant distortions in the contour maps that are made with interpolation methods. In fact, if predicted values in locations with this kind of data are calculated before imputing, would intermediate values, in clear contrast to extreme condition. In this work, two samplings with non-detected data are shown. One, on gold exploration, with values below a detection level. Another, on the depth of groundwater layer with values above of the maximum detection level of measuring. Three criteria -Elimination, LDI and NCIP - are considered to impute it in places with no detected values and their effects on the prediction are compared. The results are more favorable the CNPI criterion.Fil: Morvillo, Mónica Cristina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geofísica y Astronomía; ArgentinaFil: Diblasi, Ana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; ArgentinaFil: Gimenez, Mario Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Geofísico Sismológico Volponi; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Guerra, Elva. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geofísica y Astronomía; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, Susana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geofísica y Astronomía; Argentin

Regional diversity of Amphipoda in the Caribbean Sea

The order Amphipoda is one of the most diverse within Peracarids, and comprises 6 950 described marine species. Amphipod research in the Caribbean Sea began in the late 1 800s, but has increased significantly since 1 980. In this study, we analized the amphipod biodiversity (Caprellidea, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, and Ingolfiellidea) of the Caribbean Sea. For this, we compiled available data on species diversity of marine amphipods (data bases: WoRMS and OBIS and published species lists) into a comprehensive taxonomic list by country for the ecoregions of the Caribbean. Additionally, we analized the relative contribution of each country to regional diversity and the rate of discovery of new species. The Caribbean amphipod fauna is composed of 535 species within 236 genera and 73 families for the higher taxon. The Western Caribbean ecoregion holds the largest diversity (282 species), while the Eastern Caribbean recorded the lowest one (73). Mexico and Venezuela recorded the largest number of species with 266 and 206, respectively. Twelve countries had less than 50 species. The richest suborder is the Gammaridea with 381 species followed by the suborder Hyperiidea with 116. From the total of 535 amphipod species reported for the Caribbean region, 218 have the Caribbean as the holotype locality, and 132 are endemic (about 25% of the total). Areas of higher diversity seem to be concentrated along the Mexican Caribbean, Cuba and the Northern coast of South America (Venezuela-Colombia); however, such pattern is most likely reflecting local collection efforts and taxonomic expertise rather than actual distribution. Knowledge of amphipod species is mostly limited to shallow, near-shore waters, with little information available on the deep sea fauna. Regional research priorities for this group should be focused on completing shallow water coastal inventories of species in Central America and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. In addition, sampling the deep sea ecosystems should follow along with other particular habitats such as anchialine cave systems. It is also neccessary to increase ecological research efforts, mainly in some speciose suborders, including the Caprellidea and Hyperiidea, known to exhibit high diversity in other tropical localities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 61 (4): 1681-1720. Epub 2013 December 01