The Practicum in Physical and Sports Education: A study of the literature

El prácticum y las prácticas externas en el campo de la Educación Física y Deportiva persigue dotar a los nuevos egresados de experiencias profesionales que les permitan desenvolverse mejor en el contexto real. El objetivo principal de esta revisión de la literatura es analizar los trabajos publicados en las dieciséis actas de los Symposium Internacionales sobre el Practicum y las prácticas externas entre el 1987 y el 2022, en especial sobre la Educación Física y Deportiva. Este estudio es de carácter bibliométrico con una finalidad descriptiva y con un instrumento adaptado ad hoc, que analiza los resultados desde las diferentes ediciones. Los resultados muestran una aportación creciente de experiencias y propuestas prácticas en el ámbito de la Educación Física y Deportiva a lo largo de las diferentes ediciones del Symposium

Grading in Portuguese secondary school physical education: assessment parameters, gender differences and associations with academic achievement.

Background: Assessment is crucial for the quality of teaching and learning in physical education (PE). Currently little is known about the students’ level of achievement in PE and about the parameters used for calculating the PE grades. Although there is evidence that boys are more active outside school than girls and participate more in organized sports, few studies have examined possible differences between genders in PE achievement. Furthermore, despite the current interest in the relationship between motor competencies and cognitive functioning, limited research has examined if PE grades are associated with academic achievement. Purpose: Considering the lack of information on the current level of students’ success in PE, the main aim of this study is to examine the PE grades of Portuguese students in secondary school. Specifically, this study analysis the level of students’ achievement in PE, the relation of PE grades with other school subjects’ grades, compares the PE grades between boys and girls, and presents the PE summative assessment parameters used in schools. Method: Participants were 1936 students (57% girls) from the 10th, 11th and 12th grades (16.8±1.3 years old) attending eleven Portuguese secondary schools. Information was gathered on their grades in PE and in the other school subjects at the end of the school year. Information on the specific assessment parameters used in each school was also collected. Results: The average grades in PE were 14.9 ± 2.3 points (20-point scale). Only ∼1% of students with a final PE grade had a negative performance (<10 points). PE grades were relatively higher than in most of the other school-subjects and for most students (68.7%) the PE classification raised their overall average grade. The level of correlation between grades in PE and in other school subjects was statistically significant (r’s=.13 to .29, p<.05) although lower than that between grades in the other school subjects (r’s = .44 to .84, p < .01). There were significant differences between girls’ and boys’ grades in PE (14.3 ± 2.3 and 15.9 ± 2.1 points, respectively). The school assessment parameters prioritize physical performance over participation and attitude.Conclusion: The Portuguese students’ level of achievement in PE seems to be very satisfactory. However, as boys have higher grades than girls it is urgent to find appropriate strategies to tackle this problem. The associations found between PE grades and academic achievement could have relevant repercussions considering the current debate about the status of PE and about the relationship between motor and cognitive competencies. It is also relevant that the schools’ summative assessment parameters are based mainly on skill mastery and not on effort and participation. This study provided a brief glance into some aspects of the assessment of PE in Portugal and is it is desirable that future investigations examine the teacher’s assessment practices

Diseño de Sistema de Abastecimiento de Agua Potable en Caseríos El Pital y Las Tablas, Cantón La Magdalena, municipio de Chalchuapa, departamento de Santa Ana, El Salvador

Las historias de los primeros asentamientos poblaciones alrededor del mundo, nos ha enseñado que disponer con agua apta para consumo humano es una de las principales necesidades básicas que el ser humano debe de satisfacer para poder empezar a establecer condiciones que permitan el desarrollo de la sociedad a la que pertenece. Las condiciones de vida de las sociedades actuales no solamente requieren que se pueda disponer de una fuente de agua potable, sino que, ese vital líquido esté a disposición inmediata en cada uno de los hogares, locales comerciales, industriales, etc

Espacio artístico-creativo para el bienestar juvenil, mediante talleres de dibujo y pintura en la Parroquia del Cantón La Palma, San Martín, 2021.

En la presente investigación de trabajo de grado, se presenta las diferentes estrategias utilizadas para la gestión e implementación de un proyecto cultural educativo en El Cantón La palma, municipio de San Martín, San Salvador, denominado; Espacio artístico-creativo para el bienestar juvenil, mediante talleres de dibujo y pintura, que se desarrolló en la Parroquia del Cantón durante el año 2021. Asimismo, se da a conocer algunas de las principales dificultades de la gestión cultural aplicada al campo comunitario, específicamente en la implementación de talleres de educación artística con énfasis en el dibujo y la pintura y la toma de espacios dedicados a las artes plásticas. A demás de la promoción de métodos alternativos de enseñanza-aprendizaje aplicados como una herramienta multifuncional para el aprendizaje y aplicación de las artes en las comunidades. Finalmente cabe decir que la aplicación de diferentes iniciativas artísticas y culturales dirigidas a las comunidades, cantones, zonas rurales e incluso vulnerables en el país, son una buena alternativa para brindar diferentes opciones de desarrollo a la juventud y las personas en general, aparte de ser también un medio de educación, recreación, desahogo emocional, autoconocimiento y lo que es muy importante; la sensibilización humana. Palabras claves: Estrategias ; Gestión ; Cultural ; Proyecto ; Espacio ; Comunitario ; Educación ; Artes

Análisis de la carga interna durante una temporada de balonmano femenino adolescente

Este estudio examina la carga interna basada en la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) durante una liga regional en jugadoras adolescentes de balonmano, comparando estos parámetros entre la primera y la segunda parte del partido. Un total de 10 jugadoras adolescentes de balonmano participaron en este estudio (edad 14,70 ± 0,67 años (rango, 14-15), masa corporal 55,78 ± 6,80 kg (rango, 46,70-68,90), talla 160,44 ± 8,53 cm (rango, 150,00-177,00), IMC 21,60 ± 1,10 kg/m2 (rango, 19,90-23,10), masa grasa 30,89 ± 3,70 % Masa Grasa (rango, 24,40-35,60) y VO2max 35,00 ± 1,00 ml·min·kg-1 (rango, 33,76-36,00)). El análisis de la frecuencia cardíaca (n=120) fue registrado durante 12 partidos oficiales usando monitores de frecuencia cardiaca. Las demandas individuales fueron categorizada en 6 zonas de intensidad basándose en el % Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima (FCmáx): zona I: 0-50%; zona II: 51-60%; zona III: 61-70%; zona IV: 71-80%, zona V: 81-90 y zona VI: 91-100% de la FCmáx. La FCmáx Efectiva y Media durante el partido fueron 204,14±6,12 y 185,71±8,33 ppm, respectivamente. Durante la segunda parte, la frecuencia cardiaca máxima efectiva (201.71±5.23 vs 204.15±6.57 ppm; p=0.001) y media efectiva (183.51±8.61 vs 189.67±7.47 ppm; p=0.000) decrecieron en comparación con las primeras partes. Las jugadoras de balonmano adolescente desarrollaron una alta intensidad durante partidos oficiales, siendo más alta en la primera parte comparada con la segunda.This study examined the internal load based on heart rate (HR) in a teenage female handball team, which is playing in a regional league, comparing these parameters between the first and second half of the matches. A total of 10 adolescent female handball players participated in the study (age 14.70 ± 0.67 years (range, 14-15), weight 55.78 ± 6.80 kg (range, 46.70-68.90), height 160.44 ± 8.53 cm (range, 150.00-177.00), BMI 21.60 ± 1.10 kg/m2 (range, 19.90-23.10), fat mass 30.89 ± 3.70 % Fat Mass (range, 24.40-35.60) and VO2max 35.00 ± 1.00 ml·min·kg-1 (range, 33.76-36.00). Heart Rate (n=120) analyses were registered throughout 12 official matches using Heart Rate monitors. Individual demands were categorized into six intensity zones based on % Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax): zone I: 0-50%; zone II: 51-60%; zone III: 61-70%; zone IV: 71-80%, zone V: 81-90 and zone VI: 91-100% of HRmax. Effective maximum and mean Heart Rate in the total match were 204.14±6.12 and 185.71±8.33 b·min-1, respectively. During the second half, effective maximum (201.71±5.23 vs 204.15±6.57 b·min-1; p=0.001) and effective mean (183.51±8.61 vs 189.67±7.47 b·min-1; p=0.000). Heart Rate decreased comparing to the first half. Female adolescent team handball players develop a high intensity during official matches. This intensity is higher in first half compared to the second half.peerReviewe

High-intensity interval training in normobaric hypoxia leads to greater body fat loss in overweight/obese women than high-intensity interval training in normoxia

Un estímulo hipóxico moderado se considera una modalidad terapéutica prometedora para varios estados patológicos, incluida la obesidad. Hay pruebas científicas que sugieren que cuando se combinan la hipoxia y la actividad física, podrían aportar beneficios a la población obesa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar si la exposición a la hipoxia combinada con dos protocolos diferentes de ejercicio de intervalo de alta intensidad en mujeres con sobrepeso/obesas era más eficaz en comparación con el ejercicio en la normoxia. Los participantes en el estudio incluyeron 82 mujeres con sobrepeso/obesas, que iniciaron un programa de 12 semanas de 36 sesiones, y fueron divididas al azar en cuatro grupos: (1) entrenamiento de intervalo aeróbico en hipoxia (AitH; FiO2 = 17,2%; n = 13), (2) entrenamiento de intervalo aeróbico en normoxia (AitN; n = 15), (3) entrenamiento de intervalo de sprint en hipoxia (SitH; n = 15), y (4) entrenamiento de intervalo de sprint en normoxia (SitN; n = 18). Se evaluaron la masa corporal, el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de masa grasa total, la masa muscular, el índice metabólico basal, la oxidación de grasas y carbohidratos y la energía de las grasas y los carbohidratos. Los resultados se midieron en la línea de base (T1), después de 18 sesiones de entrenamiento (T2), 7 días después de la última sesión (T3) y 4 semanas después de la última sesión (T4). La masa grasa en el grupo SitH se redujo significativamente en comparación con el grupo SitN de T1 a T3 (p < 0,05) y de T1 a T4 (p < 0,05) y la masa muscular aumentó significativamente de T1 a T4 (p < 0,05). La masa grasa en el grupo AitH disminuyó significativamente (p < 0,01) y la masa muscular aumentó (p = 0,022) en comparación con el grupo AitN de T1 a T4. Todos los grupos de entrenamiento mostraron una reducción del porcentaje de masa grasa, con una reducción estadísticamente significativa en los grupos de hipoxia (p < 0,05). La masa muscular aumentó significativamente en los grupos de hipoxia (p < 0,05), especialmente en T4. Mientras que la oxidación de las grasas tendió a aumentar y la oxidación de los hidratos de carbono tendió a disminuir en ambos grupos de hipoxia, la tendencia se invirtió en los grupos de normoxia. Así pues, el entrenamiento con intervalos de alta intensidad bajo hipoxia intermitente normobárica durante 12 semanas en mujeres con sobrepeso/obesas parece ser prometedor para reducir el contenido de grasa corporal con un aumento concomitante de la masa muscular.A moderate hypoxic stimulus is considered a promising therapeutic modality for several pathological states including obesity. There is scientific evidence suggesting that when hypoxia and physical activity are combined, they could provide benefits for the obese population. The aim of the present study was to investigate if exposure to hypoxia combined with two different protocols of high-intensity interval exercise in overweight/obese women was more effective compared with exercise in normoxia. Study participants included 82 overweight/obese women, who started a 12 week program of 36 sessions, and were randomly divided into four groups: (1) aerobic interval training in hypoxia (AitH; FiO2 = 17.2%; n = 13), (2) aerobic interval training in normoxia (AitN; n = 15), (3) sprint interval training in hypoxia (SitH; n = 15), and (4) sprint interval training in normoxia (SitN; n = 18). Body mass, body mass index, percentage of total fat mass, muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation, and fat and carbohydrate energy were assessed. Outcomes were measured at baseline (T1), after 18 training sessions (T2), 7 days after the last session (T3), and 4 weeks after the last session (T4). The fat mass in the SitH group was significantly reduced compared with the SitN group from T1 to T3 (p < 0.05) and from T1 to T4 (p < 0.05) and muscle mass increased significantly from T1 to T4 (p < 0.05). Fat mass in the AitH group decreased significantly (p < 0.01) and muscle mass increased (p = 0.022) compared with the AitN group from T1 to T4. All training groups showed a reduction in the percentage of fat mass, with a statistically significant reduction in the hypoxia groups (p < 0.05). Muscle mass increased significantly in the hypoxia groups (p < 0.05), especially at T4. While fat oxidation tended to increase and oxidation of carbohydrates tended to decrease in both hypoxia groups, the tendency was reversed in the normoxia groups. Thus, high-intensity interval training under normobaric intermittent hypoxia for 12 weeks in overweight/obese women seems to be promising for reducing body fat content with a concomitant increase in muscle mass.• Junta de Extremadura. Ayuda GR15020, para el Grupo de investigación GAEDAF • Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Beca FPU15/00450peerReviewe

Anthropometric and physical performance of youth handball players: The role of the relative age

FUNDAMENTOS: El efecto de la edad relativa es esencial a lo largo de todos los procesos de selección de talentos en el deporte, especialmente durante la adolescencia, lo que deja menos atletas dentro de cada cohorte que nacen al final del año seleccionado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el papel de la edad relativa en las características antropométricas y de rendimiento físico de los jóvenes jugadores de balonmano por sexo. MÉTODOS: La muestra que se seleccionó incluyó 47 participantes (varón n = 23, mujer n = 24). La recolección de datos incluyó parámetros antropométricos, de composición corporal y de niveles de rendimiento físico. RESULTADOS: Hubo una representación significativamente mayor de jugadores en el primer semestre en comparación con el segundo semestre, para todos los grupos de género, excepto para los jugadores masculinos seleccionados. En los varones, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en altura, altura sentada, peso, envergadura, circunferencias de brazos y piernas, y en la velocidad de los lanzamientos (en apoyo y en suspensión) entre los jugadores que nacieron en el primer y segundo semestre. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados confirmaron un efecto de edad relativa en los jugadores nacidos en 2002 que fueron seleccionados para participar en el Campeonato de España, que fue diferente para hombres y mujeres. A pesar de este efecto, que sólo apareció en las hembras, aparecieron diferencias significativas en las condiciones antropométricas y físicas de los jugadores masculinos.BACKGROUND: The relative age effect is essential throughout all of the talent selection processes in sports, especially during adolescence, which leaves fewer athletes within each cohort that are born late in the selected year. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of relative age in anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of youth handball players by gender. METHODS: The sample that was selected included 47 participants (male n = 23, female n = 24). The data collection included anthropometric, body compositions parameters, and physical performance levels. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher representation of players in the first semester in comparison with the second semester, for all of the gender groups, except for the selected male players. In males, statistically significant differences were found in height, sitting height, weight, wingspan, arm and leg circumferences, and in throws speed (in support and in suspension) between those players that were born in the first and second semester. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed an effect of relative age in the players born in 2002 that were selected to participate in the Spanish Championship, which was different for males and females. In spite of this effect, which only appeared in females, significant differences in the anthropometric and physical conditions appeared in the male players.• Junta de Extremadura y Programa FEDER. bECA gr15020 • Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. Beca FPU15/00450 y FPU15/00452peerReviewe

Effects of Resistance Training in Hypobaric vs. Normobaric Hypoxia on Circulating Ions and Hormones

Acknowledgments: The authors thank the High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spain, and all the participants who volunteered for this investigation. The authors also thank Dymatize Europe and Vithas Granada for respectively supplying the meal replacement and blood collection equipment in this study.Funding: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grant [PGC2018-097388-B-I00 -MCIN/AEI/FEDER, UE] and by the Andalusian FEDER Operational Program [A-SEJ-246-UGR18 and B-CTS-374-UGR20]. This study has been also supported by the Government of Extremadura (Spain) with funding from the European Regional Development Fund [Grant Ref: GR21189].Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) seems to lead to different responses compared to normobaric hypoxia (NH) during physical conditioning. The aim of the study was to analyze the hormonal and circulating ion responses after performing high-intensity resistance training with different inter-set rest under HH and NH condition. Sixteen male volunteers were randomly divided into two training groups. Each group completed two counterbalanced resistance training sessions (three sets × ten repetitions, remaining two repetitions in reserve), with both one- and two-minute inter-set rest, under HH and NH. Blood samples were obtained to determine hormones and circulating ions (Ca2+, Pi, and HCO3−) at baseline and after training sessions (5, 10, and 30 min). Resistance training with one-minute rest caused greater hormonal stress than with two-minute rest in cortisol and growth hormone, although the hypoxic environmental condition did not cause any significant alterations in these hormones. The short inter-set rest also caused greater alterations in HCO3− and Pi than the longer rest. Additionally, higher levels of Ca2+ and Pi, and lower levels of HCO3−, were observed after training in HH compared to NH. Metabolic and physiological responses after resistance training are mediated by inter-set rest intervals and hypoxic environmental condition. According to the alterations observed in the circulating ions, HH could cause greater muscular fatigue and metabolic stress than NH.Government of ExtremaduraMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades A-SEJ-246-UGR18, B-CTS-374-UGR20, PGC2018-097388-B-I00 -MCIN/AEI/FEDEREuropean Regional Development Fund GR2118

Comparison of cold water immersion protocols in female handball players after match training

Purpose: Compare the effect of two protocols cold water immersion on indicators of recovery in female handball players. Methods: 12 female handball players (Age: 14 ± 0.7 years, body mass: 58.44 ± 7.8 kg, Height: 161± 7.1 cm, fat %: 21.5± 3) were involved in a “cross-over” experimental design. After three training sessions (Avg heart rate 183 ± 9, 180 ± 8 and 180 ± 8b/pm respectively), participants were placed a continuous cold water immersion protocol (n=12), (12 min water temperature 14± 0.5C°), intermittent cold water immersion protocol (n=11), (4 x 2 min water temperature 14 ± 0.5C° + 1min out of water) and control group (CG) with passive recovery (n=9). Countermovement jump test (CMJ), Visual Analog Scale (VAS-Pain) and thigh volume were measured. Results: Both cold water immersion protocols were effective in reducing the pain immediately post immersion, 24 and 48 hours after training compared with the CG (F (4,116) = 6.84, p < 0.001. ωp²: 0.32). CMJ (F (4,116) = 1,79, p =.11, ωp²: 0.02) and thigh volume (F (4,116) = 0.77, p =.59, ωp²: -0.007) did not report statistically significant changes at any time of measurement. Conclusions: Both CWI protocols are effective to reduce delayed on set muscle soreness at all times post training in female handball players. CWI should be included after training sessions to enhance players’ recovery for the next training day. CWI protocol could be used according to individual preferences due to both of them have same effect in psychological indicators of recovery

Efecto de un estímulo agudo de hipoxia sobre la velocidad de movimiento en un ejercicio de fuerza del tren superior

En general, el entrenamiento de fuerza tiene un potente efecto para incrementar el tamaño y la fuerza del músculo esquelético (Kraeme, Fleck & Evans, 1995). El uso de un estímulo de hipoxia durante el entrenamiento comenzó a desarrollarse a través de técnicas de restricción del flujo sanguíneo (Takarada et al., 2000). Un estímulo similar lo podemos llevar a cabo mediante el uso de cámaras de hipoxia y a través de sistemas de entrenamiento intermitente (Lundby, Calbet, Robach, 2009). La adicción de este estímulo hipóxico al entrenamiento podría incrementar la hipertrofia muscular y la ganancia de fuerza. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de un entrenamiento de fuerza del tren superior en condiciones de hipoxia sobre el número de repeticiones y la velocidad del movimiento.In general, strength training has a powerful effect in increasing the size and strength of skeletal muscle (Kraeme, Fleck & Evans, 1995). The use of a hypoxia stimulus during training began to develop through blood flow restriction techniques (Takarada et al., 2000). A similar stimulus can be carried out through the use of hypoxia cameras and through intermittent training systems (Lundby, Calbet, Robach, 2009). The addition of this hypoxic stimulus to training could increase muscle hypertrophy and strength gain. Objective: To analyze the effects of superior train strength training in hypoxic conditions on the number of repetitions and the speed of movement.peerReviewe